Educational advice

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Educational counseling is a service provided by child and youth welfare . It is one of the educational support of the Eighth Book of the Social Code ( §§ 27 ff. SGB VIII). As a rule, the service is provided in educational or educational and family counseling centers in institutions of municipal sponsorship and by independent youth welfare organizations and is free of charge. As informal advice, comparable advice is also provided by social pedagogues from the General Social Service (ASD) in accordance with Section 16, Paragraph 2, No. 2 of Book VIII of the Social Code. Educational advice can be used by those seeking advice directly, usually with, rarely without prior notification ( Section 36a (2) sentence 1 SGB VIII). It is free of charge if the advice center is publicly funded. If the youth welfare office approves an application for the assumption of costs for the § 28 benefit, consultants can also work in private practice ( § 5 SGB ​​VIII).

history

Educational counseling centers were initiated at the beginning of the 20th century by both youth welfare offices and child and youth psychiatrists. In 1906 the first “Medico-Pedagogical Polyclinic for Child Research, Educational Advice and Medical Treatment” was founded in Berlin . The name “educational counseling center” goes back to the communal facilities created in the Red Vienna in the 1920s as part of the Vienna school reform .

During National Socialism , the activity of the educational counseling centers was limited. The National Socialist People's Welfare set up its own network for educational counseling, in which every employee should be active in public education. After the Second World War, educational counseling was re-established by the High Commissioner for Germany based on the model of the Child Guidance Clinics. It received its legal basis in Section 5, Paragraph 1, No. 1 (“Advice on questions of upbringing”) of the Youth Welfare Act (JWG).

In 1990, educational counseling was incorporated into "Aid for Education" by SGB VIII.

Services 

The service of educational counseling is usually provided by counseling centers. The majority of these have the exclusive mandate to provide educational advice. Some counseling centers also offer marriage counseling and, if necessary, pregnancy (conflict) counseling. Today, some counseling centers also offer outpatient support for upbringing. Educational counseling can only be provided by a service if it has a multidisciplinary team of experts at its disposal ( Section 28 sentence 2 SGB VIII).

tasks

It is the task of parenting and family counseling to support the development of children and young people in their families and to promote the ability of parents or parents to bring up their children. According to the legal wording, educational counseling is intended to support its addressees in “clarifying and coping with individual and family-related problems and the underlying factors” (Section 28, sentence 1 of Book VIII of the Social Code). The coping with “separation and divorce” of the parents is particularly emphasized. The focus is on individual advice for children, young people, parents, families and other legal guardians. This ranges from informational advice to advice for parents (parents) and families, through educational work with children, to psychological test diagnostics and psychotherapeutic interventions.

In addition, educational counseling should pass on their experiences to parents and educational specialists (multipliers) through preventive offers ( Section 16 (2) No. 2 SGB VIII). These are in particular lectures, parenting courses and themed programs.

In recent years, educational counseling centers have also increasingly taken on specialist services for youth welfare offices. These include: Participation in help planning ( Section 36 of Book VIII of the Social Code), participation in the decision on integration assistance ( Section 35a of Book VIII of the Social Code), participation in the context of family court decisions ( Section 50, Paragraph 2 of Book VIII of the Social Code) as well as a specialist experienced in child protection to assess the risk of danger in other institutions ( § 8a SGB ​​VIII).

The educational counseling centers cooperate in the psychosocial network of their region with the general social service of the youth welfare office, child and youth psychiatry, the early help network, the working group on separation and divorce and the working group against sexual violence in the family. The cooperation with day care centers and schools is part of their mission. There were and always are special forms of counseling services that only generate partial aspects of the EFB, such as the JOKER youth counseling service years ago .

Reasons for advice

Advice is given in 2014 mainly because of:

  • Stress of the young person from family conflicts (48.6%)
  • Developmental abnormalities; emotional problems of young people (27.9%)
  • Limited parenting skills (22.1%)
  • Abnormalities in social behavior (19.6%)
  • School or professional problems of the young person (18.4%)
  • Stress on the young person due to the parents' problems (18.2%) and
  • Endangering the best interests of the child (4.2%)

Multiple answers were possible. Male counselors were more likely to receive support because of abnormalities in their social behavior (23.2%; 15.6%) and with school or work problems (21.5%; 14.9%). Female counselors are more frequently supported because of mental problems (26.0%; 30.1%). 23% of those advised have a migration background.

Professionalism

A multidisciplinary team of specialists is essential for educational counseling as a service. The specialists should be familiar with different methods (Section 28 sentence 2 SGB VIII). The specialist team does not have to be involved in every consultation, but it must be possible to activate it when necessary.

The following specializations come into consideration today: psychology, social work (social work / social pedagogy), pedagogy / educational science, child and adolescent psychotherapy as well as other advisory and therapeutic specialists. These include: curative educators, speech therapists and psychological psychotherapists. The majority of the skilled workers should have a master’s degree.

An additional qualification related to the field of work is required for the activity in educational counseling. These are in particular therapeutic qualifications such as systemic therapy / family therapy, conversation psychotherapy, behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis, but also qualifications for modifying social networks or systems, for example methods of social group work. Field- specific further training courses such as educational and family counselors bke and integrated family- oriented advice IFB are also offered. A license to practice for child and adolescent psychotherapists or psychological psychotherapist is not necessary for the operation in the educational counseling.

The specialists of the educational counseling should continuously educate themselves. This affects both the target groups (single parents, step parents, foster parents, families with a migration background, multi- problem families ) as well as problems such as separation and divorce, violence in the family, especially sexual abuse or psychosomatic abnormalities, as well as therapeutic methods.

The quality standards for educational counseling centers, which have been described in a differentiated manner by the Federal Conference for Educational Counseling (bke), also include regular case discussions by the team and external supervision.

Quarrel during separation and divorce

In the 1990s, separation and divorce counseling became a focus of the work of educational counseling centers. Offers were developed for the different phases of the parental separation process (ambivalence phase, separation phase, post-divorce situation) and educational and therapeutic groups designed to mitigate the consequences for the children. The registration reason “separation and divorce”, which was recorded in the federal statistics until 2006, recorded an above-average increase.

The educational counseling centers limited their activity to counseling and refused to take over the "participation in proceedings before the family courts" ( Section 50 of Book VIII of the Social Code), as this would also have included a proposal for a decision on parental custody for the family court.

With the Child Rights Reform Act (1998), the compulsory association, according to which the family court always had to make a decision on parental custody on the occasion of the divorce, was repealed. Since then, parents have been able to decide on parental responsibility for their children after a divorce. The decision by the family court has been replaced by support from youth welfare services: Since then, parents have a legal right to advice in the event of separation and divorce ( Section 17 of Book VIII of the Social Code). Since then, family courts only decide on the custody or access rights for a child if one of the parents requests it. However, in the remaining legal proceedings, the emotional conflicts of the parental couple could not be pacified by the legal decision. As a result, educational counseling centers were confronted with the expectation that the parents, who were highly controversial in court, would use therapeutic means to reach an agreement with their children. The family procedural law therefore provides today for the Family Court for the possibility to arrange to achieve a consensus, which outgoing / divorced parents whose participation in a consultation. ( Section 156 (1) sentence 4 FamFG ). In order to structure this advice, “Professional standards for advising high-conflict families in the context of the FamFG” have been drawn up.

child protection

Childcare counseling centers are particularly confronted with child abuse and sexual abuse of children. In 2014, 13,097 children and adolescents were at risk of child welfare. Educational counseling, based on all educational assistance and integration assistance for young people with mental disabilities in accordance with SGB VIII § 35a (38,324), started in the year because of a risk to the child's well-being, accounted for a third of the assistance (34.2%). (A little more than a third (37.4%) was placed on third-party placements; 28.4% on outpatient support for upbringing (and integration aid).)

In 2014, after a risk assessment, the youth welfare offices arranged for 4071 children and adolescents to be supported by educational counseling (Stat. Bundesamt 2015, Tab. T3, T6). The counseling centers, for their part, forwarded 1,385 cases to the youth welfare offices so that more intensive help for education to ward off the child's well-being endangered could be examined. This forwarding usually takes place with the consent of the young person's parents.

In addition, the youth welfare offices have named more than 1,500 advisors from educational counseling centers as “specialists with experience in this area (namely in child protection)” for assessing the risk of children and young people in other facilities and services. The specialists are particularly available for day care centers and after-school care centers and in 2010 carried out around 3,000 risk assessments. As a result of the redesign of SGB VIII §§ 8a and b as well as the KKH, teachers and people who are in professional contact with children or adolescents in the health care system have also been included in the right to support from the "specialist experienced in this respect" ( § 4 para . 2 KKG ; § 8b Abs. 1 SGB VIII).

Relationship to the youth welfare office

Those seeking advice have the privilege of making use of the educational counseling service based on their own decision without being formally granted by the youth welfare office. Even in the case of long-term help, the local youth welfare office does not usually have to plan help because the time intensity of the advice does not come close to other short-term help for upbringing. In the event of a conflict, anyone can call the youth welfare committee - legally part of the youth welfare office.

This presupposes that the youth welfare office has concluded an agreement with the counseling center on the structure of the service and its financing ( Section 36a, Paragraph 2, Sentence 2 of Book VIII of the Social Code). Instead of granting help in individual cases, parenting counseling is used to control the type of help as a needs-based offer.

The administration of the youth welfare office can formally provide educational advice within the framework of the planning of the necessary and appropriate help for a child or young person (( Section 27 in conjunction with Section 36 of Book VIII of the Social Code)). This represents a second access route to counseling. Educational counseling centers can for their part contribute their diagnostic skills and their experience of changing family communication structures in the context of help planning for other educational aids. In 2003 this was the case for around 12,000 young people.

Educational counseling and psychotherapy

Educational counseling has its origins in the tension between youth welfare and psychotherapy . From the beginning, psychotherapeutic competence has been characteristic of them. Initially, this was often limited to managing the advice center. Since the 1970s, the federal states' funding guidelines have required counseling professionals to acquire additional therapeutic qualifications. The Psychotherapists Act of 1998, which regulates the practice of psychotherapy for the purpose of medicine under the professional titles of child and adolescent psychotherapist or psychological psychotherapist, was the reason to clarify the importance of psychotherapy in educational counseling.

Educational counseling shares with psychotherapy the specific design of the relationship to the counseled (treated) person. This is the medium of possible change. Educational counseling therefore brings the experience and skills of psychotherapy to counseling for children and their families. Psychotherapeutic interventions are also used. These are particularly necessary if a child or young person's problems have become chronic or if parents have to deal with their own emotional problems in order to restore their ability to bring up children. The Federal Conference for Educational Counseling and the Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists have jointly stated: “Not every use of a psychotherapeutic intervention takes place with the aim of treating the sick (...) The instruments of psychotherapeutic interventions can also be used for other purposes. Educational counseling orients its practice to the well-being of the child and the educational ability of his parents ”.

With its psychological competence, educational counseling implements the legal mandate to combine educational and psychotherapeutic services in the case of aids for upbringing (Section 27 (3) sentence 1 and Section 35a of Book VIII of the Social Code).

Poverty and parenting advice

In the discussions of the youth welfare service, the educational counseling department has often been criticized for the fact that their clientele mainly comes from the middle class and that they do not reach the lower social class. This thesis was prominently represented by the Eighth Youth Report. More recently, Thomas Rauschenbach maintained: “Classic parenting advice, where parents come to an advice center on their own initiative, is not for poor families”. The youth welfare statistics have been collecting the economic situation of the beneficiary since 2007 (with the criteria: young people live wholly or partially on social transfer payments, that is unemployment benefit II, social assistance and basic security). According to this, in 2014 more than 55,000 advice seekers who are to be regarded as poor according to these criteria, sought out educational counseling of their own accord. The social underclass defined in this way is represented more strongly in educational counseling (by 40 percent) than corresponds to its share of the population. To remedy this, open consultation hours and extensive offers should also be provided.

Utilization

Parenting advice can be used by those seeking advice directly - without a previous decision by the youth welfare office. Parents have made increasing use of this over the years. In 1985, 149,119 new consultations were started. Twenty years later there were already 309,357 consultations (an increase of 57 percent). Utilization has been around this value since 2005.

The greatest use is currently made for children aged 3 to 15 years (with more than 50,000 consultations in each of the four age groups). The number of consultations for small children (under 3 years of age) more than tripled from 8,265 (1993) to 28,137 (2014). The number of young people has almost doubled from 21,826 to 40,649 in the same period. 53 percent of those advised are male; 47 percent female. Up to the age of eleven, the majority of boys are introduced to parenting counseling. From puberty onwards, girls and young women predominate.

The utilization reflects the new family situation: in only 43 percent of the young people for whom educational counseling is provided, the two biological parents still lived together. 38 percent had a single parent and 16 percent grew up in a stepfamily. In contrast, in the general population in 2010, only 17 percent of minors lived with a single parent and 6 percent in a stepfamily. The new family forms are clearly overrepresented in parenting advice.

Currently, 234 educational counseling sessions are carried out per 10,000 minors per year. This means that around every third child is supported by educational counseling during their minority.

Cross-individual parenting counseling activities are not recorded in the federal statistics. As part of their preventive offers, educational counseling centers reached around 200,000 participants in 2003 with around 11,000 events aimed at strengthening parenting skills.

Supply situation

At the moment there are around 1050 parenting and family counseling centers in Germany. Two thirds of these are sponsored by the voluntary welfare organization (Arbeiterwohlfahrt, Caritasverband, Diakonisches Werk, DRK, Jewish Community and Paritäter) and one third is municipal sponsorship. The counseling centers have around 3880 permanent positions for counseling specialists.

Despite the sharp increase in consultations, the number of posts for consultancy specialists has only increased slightly since the 1980s. Additional tasks taken on were only associated with an increase in personnel in individual cases. The 14th report on children and young people therefore critically states that the expansion of outpatient support for upbringing by the youth welfare offices over the past two decades has not included parenting advice.

The stagnation in the use of individual consultations since 2005 is likely to be due to the additional tasks taken on on the one hand and the inadequate staffing of the facilities on the other.

Legal basis

Educational counseling is based on Section 28 of  Book VIII of the Social Code. Legal guardians have an actionable legal claim to the benefit. Section 17 (separation and divorce counseling ) and Section 18 (advice on exercising personal care and access rights) are generally used as further legal bases for individual counseling in parenting counseling centers. Section 16, Paragraph 3 of Book VIII of the Social Code also enables pregnant women and future fathers to be advised.

Educational counseling as a low-threshold support offer can be used by those seeking advice based on their own decision. A formal granting of the service by the administration is not required ( § 36a Abs. 2 Satz 1 SGB VIII).

The consultations are subject to the so-called protection of private secrecy ( Section 203 (1) No. 4 StGB ) as well as the special protection of trust in personal and educational help ( Section 65 (1) SGB VIII). Counseling professionals may only pass on the content of the counseling with the express consent of the person being counseled or on the basis of a legal disclosure authorization. This duty of confidentiality also applies internally. If the welfare of a child or young person cannot be protected by counseling and the counseling specialist considers the youth welfare office to be necessary, he or she is authorized to inform the youth welfare office (if necessary without the consent of the parents) ( § 4 Paragraph 3 KKG).

In emergency and conflict situations, children and young people have their own legal right to advice without the knowledge of the legal guardian ( Section 8 (3) sentence 1 of Book VIII of the Social Code). The protection of private secrecy also applies to them. The prerequisite for this is that the young person understands the importance of this protection (insight). Adolescents between the ages of 18 and 21 also have a limited legal entitlement in accordance with Section 41 of Book VIII of the Social Code.

The consulting services are exempt from a contribution to costs (or a cost sharing) ( Section 90 Paragraph 1 No. 2; Section 91 Paragraph 1 SGB VIII).

Parenting advice can also be formally granted as a service by the youth welfare office (§ 27 in conjunction with § 36 SGB VIII). In proceedings on parental custody or access rights, the family court can order participation in counseling ( Section 156 (1) sentence 4 FamFG) in order to achieve parental consent. Also in proceedings because of a threat to the best interests of the child, legal guardians can be obliged to use parenting advice ( Section 1666, Paragraph 3, No. 1 BGB ).

financing

Educational counseling is usually financed through an institutional budget from municipal remuneration / subsidies, own funds and, if necessary, state funding. Since the individual consultations according to Sections 17, 18 and 28 of the Book VIII of the Social Code have legal entitlements, the financing through a fee according to Section 77 of the Book VIII of the Social Code is appropriate. For cross-individual offers, the youth welfare offices grant proportional funding according to § 74 SGB ​​VIII. Any remaining funding gap is covered by the own funds of the independent welfare organization. In countries where parenting and family counseling centers are funded, the municipality's share of funding is reduced by the state funding.

Educational counseling centers can only generate a small amount of income, for example if they perform family education tasks ( Section 16 (2) No. 1 SGB VIII) and a flat-rate cost sharing is permitted ( Section 90 (1) No. 2 SGB VIII).

Educational advice via the Internet

For a number of years, educational advice has also been offered as media-based advice on the Internet. A form has established itself as the standard in which those seeking advice and counseling professionals communicate directly via a secure e-mail account on the Internet. This is to ensure that no third party accesses the content. There has been a central federal offer since 2005. These "Virtual Advice Centers " (VBSt) go back to a resolution of the Youth Ministers' Conference in May 2003. According to this, the VBSt should offer help to young people and parents with family and upbringing problems "for whom the existing parenting advice centers are difficult to reach or for whom there are inhibitions to go to these centers". The supreme state youth authorities transferred the sponsorship to the Federal Conference for Educational Advice. The special thing about the virtual counseling center is its centralized way of working through the involvement of around 80 specialists from counseling centers in the 16 federal states involved, who work together in a virtual team.

literature

  • Sebastian Braunert, Manfred Günther: Survey on the situation of education and family training centers in Germany . Bonn 2005.
  • Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke): Quality product educational advice . Recommendations on services, quality features and indicators . (= Qs - materials for quality assurance in child and youth welfare. Issue 22). Bonn 1999.
  • Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke): Legal basis of advice. Recommendations and tips for practice . Fürth 2009, ISBN 978-3-9805923-6-9 .
  • Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke): The focus is on the child. The FamFG in practice . Fürth, 2010, ISBN 978-3-9805923-7-6 .
  • Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke): Technical basics of advice. Recommendations, statements and advice for practice . Fürth, 2015, ISBN 978-3-9805923-9-0 .
  • Hanko Bommert, Ulf Plessen: Psychological educational counseling. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-17-004890-2 .
  • Possibilities and limits of the education and family counseling centers. In: Manfred Günther: Help! Youth welfare. Rheine 2018, ISBN 978-3-946537-55-7 .
  • Georg Hörmann, Wilhelm Körner (Hrsg.): Introduction to educational counseling. Stuttgart 2008.
  • Andreas Hundsalz: The educational counseling: basics of organization, concepts and methods. Weinheim 1995.
  • Wilhelm Körner, Georg Hörmann (Hrsg.): Handbook of educational counseling. Volume 1: Areas of application and methods of educational counseling. Göttingen / Bern / Toronto / Seattle 2002.
  • Wilhelm Körner, Georg Hörmann (Hrsg.): Handbook of educational counseling. Volume 2: Practice of educational counseling. Göttingen / Bern / Toronto / Seattle 2002.
  • Klaus Menne: Psychotherapeutically competent educational counseling - your framework and legal basis. In: Practice of child psychology and child psychiatry. 64th vol., 2015, pp. 4-19.
  • Klaus Menne: Educational advice as an aid to upbringing. Weinheim / Basel 2017, ISBN 978-3-7799-3610-7 .
  • National Center for Early Help (NZFH) (Ed.): The contribution of educational counseling to early help . Cologne 2014.
  • Matthias Weber, Uli Alberstötter, Herbert Schilling (eds.): Advising high-conflict families in the context of the FamFG. Weinheim / Basel 2013.

Web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ Anne-Marie Kadauke-List (1996): Educational Advice Centers in National Socialism. In: Klaus Menne; Hubert Cremer; Andreas Hundsalz (ed.) (1996): Yearbook for educational advice. Volume 2 . Weinheim; Munich, pp. 275-286.
  2. ↑ For the further development since then see Klaus Menne (2015) Educational advice as youth welfare service. In: Journal for Child Law and Youth Welfare , Issue 9–10 / 2015, 345–357.
  3. ↑ The possibilities of this cooperation are limited due to the high number of more than 50,000 day care centers and more than 30,000 schools.
  4. ↑ For the complexity of the field of activity of educational counseling centers, see: Federal Conference for Educational Counseling (bke) (2012): Family and Advice. Memorandum on the future of educational counseling . Fuerth.
  5. ↑ a b Federal Statistical Office (2016): Statistics on child and youth welfare. Educational assistance, integration assistance for mentally disabled young people, young adults. Educational advice 2014 . Wiesbaden. Table 11.2a.
  6. ^ Karl-Wilhelm Jans; Günter Happe; Helmut Sauerbier; Udo Maas (1963/2013): Child and youth welfare law . Stuttgart. 3rd edition, § 28 marginal number 34.
  7. ↑ Federal Working Group of State Youth Welfare Offices (BAGLJAe) (2005): The requirement for skilled workers in the Child and Youth Welfare Act. Munich. http://www.bagljae.de/archiv/empfänger-und-arbeitshilfen/index.php.
  8. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (2009):  Bachelor and Master. Consequences of the higher education reform for the multidisciplinary team of educational counseling . Fürth, p. 30.
  9. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (1999): quality product educational counseling. Recommendations on services, quality features and indicators . Edited by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth as issue 22 of the series: »Qs - Materials for Quality Assurance in Child and Youth Welfare«. Bonn.
  10. ↑ This increase in responsibility for youth welfare was not associated with a personnel increase in the advisory services.
  11. ^ In: Matthias Weber; Uli Alberstötter; Herbert Schilling (ed.) (2013): Advising high-conflict families in the context of the FamFG . Weinheim and Basel, pp. 432–450.
  12. ^ Federal Statistical Office (2015): Statistics on child and youth welfare. Educational assistance, integration assistance for mentally disabled young people, young adults in 2014 . Wiesbaden. Tab. 4.1_a.
  13. ^ Federal Statistical Office (2015): Statistics on child and youth welfare. Risk assessments according to Section 8a (1) SGB VIIII. 2014 . Wiesbaden. Tab. T3, T6.
  14. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (2012): Family and advice. Memorandum on the future of educational counseling . Fürth, p. 43.
  15. ^ Karl-Wilhelm Jans; Günter Happe; Helmut Sauerbier; Udo Maas (1963/2013): Child and youth welfare law . Stuttgart. 3rd edition, § 36a marginal number 26.
  16. ↑ National Conference for Erziehungsberatung (BKE); German Institute for Youth Welfare and Family Law (DIJuF) (2012): Cooperation between the educational counseling center and the youth welfare office to help with upbringing. In: bke (2015) Technical basics of advice . Fürth, p. 243.
  17. ^ German Association for Public and Private Welfare (DV 2006b): Further development of aid planning according to § 36 SGB VIII. In: Intelligence Service of the German Association, issue 7/2006, pp. 352f.
    Also in: bke (2015): Technical basics of advice . Fürth, pp. 610f.
  18. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (2006): educational counseling and care planning. In: bke (2015): Technical basics of advice . Fürth, p. 284.
  19. ↑ Donald Buckle; Serge Lebovici (1958): Guide to educational counseling . Goettingen. 1960, p. 32f.
  20. ↑ According to the nomenclature of the Scientific Advisory Board on Psychotherapy, a distinction must be made between "psychotherapeutic procedures" which lead to license to practice medicine, "psychotherapeutic methods" which are recognized for limited areas of application or addressees, and "psychotherapy techniques", which are concrete procedures with which Help the respective goals are to be achieved. In this sense, psychotherapeutic interventions in educational counseling are: Psychotherapy techniques (see: Wissenschaftlicher Advisory Psychotherapie (WBP) (2010): Method paper of the Scientific Advisory Board Psychotherapy according to § 11 PsychThG . Version 2.8, p. 4f., Http: // www. wbpsychotherapie.de/downloads/Methodspapier28.pdf) (accessed on May 8, 2014).
  21. ↑ National Conference for Erziehungsberatung (BKE); Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists (BPtK) (2008): Psychotherapeutic competence in parenting and family counseling. In: bke (2015): Technical basics of advice . Fürth, p. 221.
  22. ^ Federal Ministry for Youth, Family, Women and Health (BMJFFG) (1990): Eighth Youth Report . Report on efforts and achievements of youth welfare . Bonn, p. 136.
  23. ↑ Felix Berth (2009): "Bad cards from the start". Evaluation of the federal statistics on HzE. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . March 25, 2009.
  24. ↑ Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (BMAS) (2013): Living situations in Germany. The fourth report on poverty and wealth by the federal government . Berlin, p. 75.
  25. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (2016): Statistics on child and youth welfare. Educational assistance, integration assistance for mentally disabled young people, young adults. Educational advice 2014 . Wiesbaden. Tab. 5_2.a.
  26. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (2016): Statistics on child and youth welfare. Educational assistance, integration assistance for mentally disabled young people, young adults. Educational advice 2014 . Wiesbaden. Table 6.2.
  27. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (2012): Family and advice. Memorandum on the future of educational counseling . Fürth, p. 11.
  28. ^ Hermann Liebenow (2006): Family education contributions from educational counseling centers. In: Klaus Menne, Andreas Hundsalz (ed.) (2006): Yearbook for educational counseling. Volume 6 . Weinheim and Munich, p. 152.
  29. ↑ National Conference of Educational Consulting (bke) (2013): educational counseling in Germany. In: Information for educational counseling centers , issue 2/13, pp. 38–39.
  30. ↑ Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ) (2013): Report on the living situation of young people and the services of child and youth welfare in Germany. 14. Children and Youth Report . Printed matter 17/12200. Berlin, p. 306.
  31. ↑ The average duration of the consultations has decreased by one month during the sharp increase in use.
  32. ↑ For details of the delimitation between the counseling services, see: bke (2014): The legal basis of the services of educational counseling centers. In: bke (2015): Technical foundations of advice , Fürth, pp. 478–481.
  33. ↑ See Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke) (2012): Protection of the data of children and adolescents. In: Information for educational counseling centers , issue 1/2012, pp. 14-17.
  34. ↑ For a sample contract see: Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke) (2009): Design of contracts on the performance of educational and family counseling. In: bke (2009): Legal bases of advice . Fuerth, pp. 192-220.
  35. ↑ For details, see: Federal Conference for Educational Advice (bke) (2009): Income from educational advice centers. In: bke (2009): Legal bases of advice . Fürth, pp. 223-226.