Fayyum language

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Fayyumisch (also Faijûmisch) is a regional variety of Coptic , literary to grasp between the 4th and 11th centuries, but only with marginal status. Fayyum was spoken in north-middle Egypt, in the area around the Fayyum Basin . The spoken language dialect boundaries can no longer be reconstructed, so the low-prestige Fayyum is to be understood as a grapho dialect.

In Hieroglyphic Egyptian the area was referred to as “the lake land” = ta-esch , in modern Egyptian-Arabic analogously as Fayyum = فيوم, which goes back to Coptic “the lake” = ΦΙΟΜ (with a proclitic prefix article). The word from "sea" is, however, Semitic, more precisely Canaanite, origin ( ym > Demotic ym "sea, water, lake"> Coptic ΕΙΟΜ ).

Mainly because of the very confusing publication status of the linguistic material (parts of the manuscripts of the St. Michael Convent of Hamuli are in the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York or in the Coptic Museum in Cairo , Berlin, Strasbourg, and Freiburg im Breisgau) and the heterogeneity of the dialect neither comprehensive grammar nor studies on grammatical details of Fayyum appeared. A distinctive feature of the other Coptic dialects is the so-called lambdazism (<r> is represented by <l> as standard - with a few exceptions), which is a phonological phenomenon of Fayyum, as it can also be found in Greek texts from the region , likewise in demotic texts from the Fayyum. The background is likely to be an articulation of the <r> as an approximant , which in this region coincided with the lateral approximant ( Lateral ) / l /. The syllabic sonorants of the other dialects (B, L, M, N and R) are resolved to e plus consonant (i.e. instead of B as the syllable peak, EB is used).

Fayyum has some lexemes that do not seem to be used in other dialects.

As in the other varieties of Coptic, the literature of Fayyum is primarily religious, but there are also documentary texts, some of which are unpublished, magical texts and letters.

literature

  • Anne Bouvarel-Boud'hors: Catalog des fragments coptes de la Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg: Fragments bibliques (= Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Volume 571; Subsidia. Volume 99). Peeters, Leuven 1998.
  • Walter Ewing Crum : Varia Coptica, Texts, Translations, Indexes. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen 1939.
  • Leo Depuydt : Catalog of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpoint Morgan Library (= Corpus of illuminated manuscripts. Volume 4/5). Peeters, Leuven 1993.
  • AI Elanskaja: Koptskije rukopisi Gosudartsvennoj Publicnoj biblioteki im. ME Saltykova-Scedrina. In: Palestinskij sbornik , Volume 20, 1969, pp. 1–152.
  • Christian Gabriel-Junk: Diglossia in Arabic. Unpublished master's thesis, Mainz 2006.
  • Rodolphe Kasser: Les dialectes coptes. In: Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale , Volume 73, 1973, pp. 71-99, ISSN  0255-0962 .
  • Rodolphe Kasser: Fayyumic. In: The Coptic Encyclopedia. Volume 8, Macmillan, Toronto / New York 1991, pp. 124-131 ( online ).
  • Rodolphe Kasser: Le dialecte copte V, fayoumique sans lambdacisme, illustré par quelques extraits de son témoin principal, le P. Mich.inv. no 3520 (encore inédit). In: Enchoria. Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie , Volume 19-20, 1994, pp. 87-124, ISSN  0340-627X .
  • C. Milani: l / r nei papiri: un aspetto dell'interferenza linguistica. In: E. Bresciani and others (eds.): Scritti in onore di Orsolina Montevecchi . Clueb, Bologna 1981, pp. 221-229.
  • C. Müller, G. Detlef: The appointment of the archangels Michael and Gabriel (= Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Volume 225; Scriptores Coptici. Volume 31). Peeters, Leuven 1962.
  • Carsten Peust: Egyptian Phonology (= monographs on the Egyptian language. Volume 2). Peust & Gutschmidt, Göttingen 1999 ( online ).
  • Hans Martin Schenke: Comments on P. Hamb. Fig. 1 and on the old Fayum dialect of the Coptic language. In: Enchoria. Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie , Volume 18, 1991, pp. 69-93, ISSN  0340-627X .
  • George Sobhy: Common Words in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt of Greek or Coptic Origin. La Société Archeologie Copte, Cairo 1950 (text example: Isaiah 1: 1–4).
  • Ludwig Stern: Faijumische papyri in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. In: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde , Volume 23, 1885, pp. 23–44.
  • Walter Curt Till: Coptic Chrestomathy for the Fayum dialect . Self-published, Vienna 1930.
  • Georg Zoëga : Catalogus Codicum Copticorum Manu Scriptorum qui in Museo Borgiano Velitris Adservantur. Typis Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, Rome 1810 ( online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 19 of these Fayyum manuscripts: Leo Depuydt: Catalog of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpoint Morgan Library (= Corpus of illuminated manuscripts. Volume 4/5). Peeters, Löwen 1993, Volume I, pp. 449-476.
  2. ^ Leo Depuydt: Catalog of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpoint Morgan Library (= Corpus of illuminated manuscripts. Volume 4/5). Peeters, Löwen 1993, Volume I, pp. 633/634 (1 page of a manuscript).
  3. ↑ Rodolphe Kasser: Fayyumic. In: The Coptic Encyclopedia. Volume 8, Macmillan, Toronto / New York 1991, pp. 124-131 ( online ).
  4. ↑ Rodolphe Kasser: Le dialecte copte V, fayoumique sans lambdacisme, illustré par quelques extraits de son témoin principal, le P. Mich.inv. no 3520 (encore inédit). In: Enchoria. Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie , Volume 19-20, 1994, pp. 87-124, ISSN  0340-627X .
  5. ^ Carsten Peust: Egyptian Phonology (= monographs on the Egyptian language. Volume 2). Peust & Gutschmidt, Göttingen 1999, pp. 130-131 ( online ).
  6. ↑ C. Milani: l / r nei papiri: un aspetto dell'interferenza linguistica. In: E. Bresciani and others (eds.): Scritti in onore di Orsolina Montevecchi . Clueb, Bologna 1981, pp. 221-229.
  7. ↑ Rodolphe Kasser: Fayyumic. In: The Coptic Encyclopedia. Volume 8, Macmillan, Toronto / New York 1991, pp. 124-131, here pp. 128-129 ( online ).
  8. ^ Georg Zoëga : Catalogus Codicum Copticorum Manu Scriptorum qui in Museo Borgiano Velitris Adservantur. Typis Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, Rome 1810, pp. 145–150 ( online ).
  9. ↑ C. Müller, G. Detlef: The appointment of the archangels Michael and Gabriel (= Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium . Volume 225; Scriptores Coptici. Volume 31). Peeters, Leuven 1962.
  10. ↑ AI Elanskaja: Koptskije rukopisi Gosudartsvennoj Publicnoj biblioteki in. ME Saltykova-Scedrina. In: Palestinskij sbornik , Volume 20, 1969, pp. 1–152, here pp. 21–95.
  11. ↑ Anne Bouvarel-Boud'hors: Catalog des fragments de la coptes National and University Library: Fragments bibliques (= . Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium band 571; . Subsidia band 99). Peeters, Leuven 1998.
  12. ^ Leo Depuydt: Catalog of Coptic Manuscripts in the Pierpoint Morgan Library (= Corpus of illuminated manuscripts. Volume 4/5). Peeters, Löwen 1993, Volume I, No. 259/260 (AT) and No. 261-269 (NT).
  13. ↑ For example Ludwig Stern: Faijumische Papyri in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. In: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde , Volume 23, 1885, pp. 23–44.
  14. ↑ For example Walter Ewing Crum : La magie copte, nouveaux textes. In: Recueil d'études égyptologiques dédiées à la mémoire de Jean-François Champollion. Édouard Champion, Paris 1922, pp. 537-544 ( online ).
  15. ^ For example, Walter Ewing Crum : Varia Coptica, Texts, Translations, Indexes. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen 1939, no. 114–116 and no. 128.