Women's suffrage in Central Asia

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Süchbaataryn Jandschmaa, President of the Mongolian People's Republic 1923/1924, with her husband Damdin Süchbaatar

In its beginnings, women's suffrage in Central Asia was strongly determined by the history of the Soviet Union , as almost all of the states discussed here were formerly Soviet republics. The article describes the conditions in Central Asia in the narrower sense, i.e. Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan as well as Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia and Mongolia .

The first Muslim nation where women cast their votes was Azerbaijan , in the 1918 parliamentary elections.

Individual states

Armenia

On May 28, 1918, Armenia declared its independence. Women over the age of 25 were given the right to vote. Under the Soviet administration, from February 2, 1921, women had the right to vote and to stand as a candidate. These rights were confirmed upon independence in 1991.

A woman was first elected to the national parliament in May 1990; before that, Armenian women were elected to the Armenian Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . In 1938 65 women were elected to the Armenian Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR .

Azerbaijan

On December 7, 1918, the first Azerbaijani parliament met in Baku . The election was based on universal suffrage, so it was the first time women in a Muslim nation had cast their vote. The active and passive right to vote for women was retained under Soviet administration and confirmed when independence was restored in 1991.

Divergent sources name 1921, but this probably refers to the successor state of Azerbaijan, the Soviet Socialist Republic

The first election of a woman to the national parliament, Maryam Hassanova , took place in November 1991. Before that, Azerbaijani women were elected to the Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Another source cites September 1990 as the date of a woman's first election to parliament and is probably referring to these bodies.

Georgia

Georgia declared its independence on May 26, 1918. The Declaration of Independence also stipulated that Georgia guaranteed political rights to all of its citizens. Article 1 of the Act of November 22, 1918 on Elections to Legislative Bodies, which guaranteed women the right to vote and stand for election, was adopted by the National Council and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution of February 21, 1921 confirmed this right in Article 4. This also applied under Soviet administration and was confirmed upon independence in 1991. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia became the first legislative body in Georgia after independence in April 1991. Before that, Georgian women were elected to the Georgian Supreme Soviet and the Parliament of the USSR.

In October 1990, 17 women were elected to the national parliament. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia became the first legislative body in Georgia.

Kazakhstan

Active and passive women's suffrage was recognized with the first constitution of the USSR on January 31, 1924, and recognized on January 28, 1993 with the constitution of independent Kazakhstan.

In March 1990, 24 women were elected to the Supreme Soviet. This became the first legislative assembly after Kazakhstan gained independence in December 1991. Before that, Kazakh women were elected to the Kazakh Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR .

Kyrgyzstan

Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in June 1918.

In 1995, Sharipa Sadybakasova was elected to the lower house of the national parliament as the first woman after independence. In 1995 four women were elected to the House of Lords. Before independence, Kyrgyz women were elected to the Kyrgyz Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . The Supreme Soviet, elected in 1990, which included at least one woman, became the first legislative body when the country gained independence in December 1991.

Mongolia

In 1911 the country became independent. On November 1, 1924, women were granted general active and passive suffrage.

Tajikistan

In 1924, under Soviet administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. When the country gained independence on September 9, 1991, these rights were confirmed.

According to the February 1991 parliamentary elections, five of the 181 MPs were women. Before that, Tajik women had already been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Socialist Republic of Tajikistan and to the Parliament of Soviet Women.

Turkmenistan

In 1927, under Soviet administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. This right was confirmed upon independence on October 27, 1990. The first general elections for the independent state took place in December 1994.

After the parliamentary elections in January 1990, eight women were among the 175 MPs. Before that, women had already been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Turkmenistan and the Parliament of the Soviet Union.

Uzbekistan

Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in 1938.

In 1995 Buritosh Shodieva was elected to the national parliament as the first woman after independence. Before that, Uzbek women were elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan and the Parliament of the Soviet Union.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Firuz Kazamzadeh: The Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917-1923). New York, Philosophical Library, Oxford, George Ronald, 1951, p. 123.
  2. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 13.
  3. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 21, 1991, accessed September 29, 2018 .
  4. ↑ a b Firuz Kazamzadeh: The Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917-1923). New York, Philosophical Library, Oxford, George Ronald, 1951, p. 166.
  5. ↑ a b c - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved September 29, 2018 .
  6. ↑ United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 344
  7. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 23.
  8. ↑ a b Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481–502, pp. 487.
  9. ↑ Firuz Kazamzadeh: The Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917-1923). New York, Philosophical Library, Oxford, George Ronald, 1951, p. 121.
  10. ↑ Firuz Kazamzadeh: The Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917-1923). New York, Philosophical Library, Oxford, George Ronald, 1951, p. 122.
  11. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 143.
  12. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 22, 1918, accessed October 1, 2018 .
  13. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 143/144.
  14. ↑ a b c - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1924, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  15. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 208.
  16. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 220.
  17. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 220/221.
  18. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1924, accessed October 3, 2018 .
  19. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Retrieved October 5, 2018 .
  20. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 262.
  21. ↑ a b - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 9, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  22. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 373.
  23. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 373/374.
  24. ↑ a b c d - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 27, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  25. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 389.
  26. ^ A b Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 412.