Georgian grammar
This article describes the grammar of the Georgian language (proper name: [ kartuli ena ] ქართული ენა). The grammar of Georgian and the other so-called Caucasian languages is so extensive that by no means all details are listed here.
Scripture and Phonology
- Georgian has its own writing systems, which are described in a separate article .
- Apart from ejectives, Georgian has only a few sounds that do not appear in German. The unusual (up to 8 consonants) bundles of consonants, especially at the beginning of the syllable, cause difficulties.
- The stress is weak and does not distinguish between different meanings, it is mainly at the beginning of the word.
- h is very rare in Georgian, in the beginning of the syllable before the consonant it is also omitted.
Sounds strange to Georgian
The following German sounds do not exist in Georgian or only as assimilation variants:
| According to | comment |
|---|---|
| Consonants | |
| 'f' | 'F' in foreign words appears in Georgian as a breathed [p h ]: pilmi "film". A [f] can only be heard as a voiceless variant of 'v': vk'itxulob [ f kitxɔɫob] "I ask". |
| 'j' | There is no letter 'j'. An i before / after a vowel does not belong to the same syllable as it: iapi [i.api] "cheap". A [j] can be heard when a vowel + 'i' are contracted in the pronunciation: sheidzleba [ʃɛi̯d͡zlɛba] "is possible / allowed". |
| 'ch' as in 'light' | There is only the oh-sound like in 'laugh' |
| Grater-R | The Georgian r is rolled like in Italian. The sound gh , on the other hand, sounds similar to the High German 'r'. |
| Light 'l' | The Georgian l is spoken [ɫ] as in English 'milk' or Russian 'polk'. |
| Vowels | |
| ö, ü = y [øœ / ʏy] |
Georgian only knows the vowels a, e, i, o, u . |
| strained e / o [e / o] |
Georgian e and o are open as in "Helm" [ɛ] and "Holz" [ɔ] respectively. Often one also hears tense [e] or [o]: ori [o.ri] "two", dghe [dɣe] "day" as variants . |
| unstressed i / u [ɪ / ʊ] |
Georgian i and u are spoken as in "Idea" and "Ural", respectively. |
- Georgian has no polyphthongs; Vowels standing next to one another perceptually belong to two different syllables, even if you hear them contracted while speaking: aucilebeli [au̯.t͡si.'lɛ.bɛ.li] "necessary".
- If the same vowel is next to each other twice, both are drawn together to form a long vowel when speaking: cheebi [xɛ: .bi] "trees", araa [a.ra:] "is not".
Transcription and pronunciation
- There are different transcriptions with Latin letters for the individual letters of the Georgian script . In the following, a notation is used that does not require special characters; It should be noted that several characters in the romanization often only correspond to ONE letter in the Georgian script.
This applies to sh, zh, ch; ts, dz, tsh, dzh; gh and for the ejectives p ', t', k ', ts', ch' . - Additional auxiliary characters are used in this grammar:
- Hyphens (-) to indicate the components of compound words;
- Underscores (_) as placeholders for a fancy sound;
- Apostrophe (') for the ejective .
The following letters of the romanization are pronounced as in German:
b, d, g, m, n, h werden wie im Deutschen ausgesprochen r einfach gerolltes 'r' [r] v wie in 'Vase' [v]
(Partly) differently are pronounced:
Vokale ein nicht doppeltgeschriebener Vokal ist kurz e, o sind ungespannt wie in 'Hemd, Koch' [ε, ɔ] i ist gespannt wie in 'Idee' [i] u ist gespannt wie in 'Ural' [u]
l dunkles 'l' (wie in englisch 'milk')
s immer wie 'ß' [s]
z stimmhaftes 's' wie in „Sonne“ [z]
x wie 'ch' in 'lachen' [χ] (nie wie in 'Licht')
gh stimmhaftes Gegenstück zu 'x' [γ]
(Reibelaut wie in berlinerisch 'sagense ma!')
sh - zh wie 'sch' [ʃ] - wie 'j' in 'Journal' [ʒ]
tsh - dzh wie 'tsch' in 'deutsch' [tʃ] - wie 'dsch' in 'Dschungel' [dʒ]
kv, k'v etwa wie 'qu' in 'Quelle' oder wie 'kf'
p, t, k, ts, tsh sind stets behaucht (aspiriert) [ph, th, kh, tsh, tʃh] p’, t’, k’, ts’, tsh’ werden ejektiv gesprochen [p?, t?, k?, ts?, tʃ?] q das ejektive Gegenstück zu x [χ?]
There are variants of individual sounds depending on the sounds in their immediate vicinity, or depending on the speaker / region:
- Especially in accentuated open or absolutely final syllables, e / o appear even with tense pronunciation: meore [meo.re] "second".
- There are several pronunciation variants for q : [χ '], [q'] or [qχ '].
(In Old Georgian a distinction was made between aspirated q` and ejective q´ .) -
v is spoken before voiceless consonants like our [f].
Between the vowel and the consonant, it sometimes appears as an unsyllabic [u̯]: bavshvi [ba u̯ .ʃvi] ('bauschwi') "child".
To simplify pronunciation, it also appears swapped with the following sound: gakvt [ga u̯k t] ('gaukt') "you have".
Ejectives
Ejectives are pronounced with a paragraph, after the consonant there is something like a short pause. Something similar is the German crackling sound at the beginning of a syllable with a vowel:
p'a etwa wie in 'gib acht!' t'a etwa wie in 'Hut ab!' k'a etwa wie in 'Schluckauf' ts'a etwa wie in 'Bootsantrieb' tsh'a etwa wie in 'Deutschaufsatz' qa etwa wie in 'mach auf!'
Consonant clusters
If several consonants are in direct succession, their pronunciation can change compared to the articulation of a single consonant.
- In general, all the consonants (also m, n, l, r) unsilbisch are (thus can not form a syllable nucleus) - the consonants are simply articulated succession: gats'itldebi "you'll blush" is thus four syllables ( ga-ts'itl -de-bi ).
- Voiced plosives and 'v' become voiceless before voiceless consonants themselves.
If individual morphemes are put together, sounds can be dropped or rearranged:
- v disappears before labials ( m, b, p, p ' ) and mostly also before o and u : kartveli [kartvɛli] "Georgian" → kartuli ena "Georgian language".
- Plosive / fricative + rv / lv / mv / nv leads to a change: rva “eight” → tvramet'i [tframɛt'i] “eighteen”; k'lavs "kills" <> k'vla [kfla] "kills ".
declination
- Georgian knows neither a definite nor an indefinite article.
- Some examples of the information in the tables are given at the end of this section.
genus
In Georgian no genera are distinguished, not even pronouns. For nouns, gender can optionally be expressed through composition:
ekimi k'atsi „Arzt (m.)“ [Arzt Mann] / ekimi kali „Ärztin“ [Arzt Frau] mamali bat'i „Gänserich“ [Hahn Gans] / dedali bat'i „Gans“ [Henne Gans] xvadi lomi „Löwe“ [Männchen Löwe] / dzu lomi „Löwin“ [Weibchen Löwe] xariremi „Hirsch“ [Stierhirsch] / puriremi „Hirschkuh“ [Kuhhirsch] wazhishvili „Sohn, junger Mann“ [Sohnkind] / kalishvili „Tochter, Fräulein“ [Fraukind]
case
- Georgian has seven cases, some of which have different names, which are expressed by endings ( suffixes ).
- The endings are divided into substantive and attributive. The former are used in nouns in a noun function. The adjectival endings are used in an attributive function with adjectives, numerals and the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person; the plural suffix -eb- is not used for attribute endings .
- In most case endings, the endings differ depending on whether the stem of the noun ends in a consonant or a vowel, or whether the stem ends in -o / -u or has some other ending.
- Some case endings can be expanded with an optional 'a'. This happens, among other things, before the enclitic -a “is” or for euphony.
- Sometimes stem-ending vowels are omitted before an attached ending.
| Case endings 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case designations | use | Noun ending 2 | Adjective ending |
|
Nominative [NOM] Absolute |
Subject of the present tense series | ( -i ) | |
|
Ergative [ERG] Narrative 3 |
Subject of the Aorist series | Vowel + -m cons. + -ma |
( -ma ) |
| Dative [DAT] | Object Subject of the Perfect Series Time Information |
-s (a) | - |
| Vocative [VOK] 2 | Direct form of address | Vowel + - (w) cons. + -o |
( -o ) |
|
Adverbial [ADV] |
Adverb formation 4 Essive : 'as' Translative: to (becoming something) |
Vowel + - d (a) cons. + -ad (a) |
- |
| Genitive [GEN] | Nominal attribute subject / object in verbal nouns |
- s (a) after -o or -u -is (a) otherwise 1 |
( -i ) |
| Instrumental (is) [INS] | Mean times |
- ti after -o or -u -it (a) otherwise 1 |
( -i ) |
|
1 Endings in full brackets only appear if the stem ends in a consonant; however, if the stem ends in a vowel, nothing is appended in this case. 2 Excluded 'a' is optional. |
|||
1 If the root of the word ends in -a or -e , these are omitted!
2 The vocative sounds impolite with proper names, which is why the nominative is used here.
3 The term 'narrative' ( mot'qrobiti ) refers to the fact that this case normally only occurs in the Aorist series, with which a narrative is advanced.
4 The adverbial is also used to derive adjectives for adverbs ( see the section on adjectives ).
- Nominative, ergative and dative are called 'core case'. Depending on which verb class the predicative verb belongs to and in which Screeve series it is conjugated, the subject and any objects appear in different cases; There is no difference between direct and indirect object:
| Verb class series |
Subject transitive | Subject active-intransitive inactive-intransitive |
object |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present tense series | Nominative | Nominative | dative |
| Aorist series | Ergative | Ergative nominative |
Nominative |
| Perfect series | dative | Dative nominative |
Nominative |
- See also objective conjugation .
- The indirect object is also in the dative, but in the perfect series there is genitive + -tvis ("for") instead .
Post positions
In Georgian, prepositions are followed by prepositions, some of which merge with the preceding noun to form one word. There are examples at the end of the chapter. The postpositions come after the noun and require a specific case from it, whereby the case ending is sometimes omitted or appears shortened; The preceding adjectives are only given the appropriate case ending.
| use | suffix |
|---|---|
| Äqualis: "(in the same way, in the manner) like, equal" | Shortened nominative / dative + -vit ( i.e. - (i / sa) vit ) |
| Allative / locative: "in, to" | shortened dative -shi (also -shi ) |
| Ablative I: "from / from (a place)" "from ... to, since" |
shortened instrumental + -dan ( i.e. - (i) dan ) |
| Ablative II: material “from, from” origin of a thing / person |
Genitive + -gan |
| Terminative: "up to (to)" | shortened adverbial + -mdis / -mde ( i.e. - (a) mdis / - (a) mde ) |
| Benefactive "for" | Genitive + -tvis ( i.e. - (i) stvis ) |
| Comitive: "(together) with" accompanied by |
Dative + -tan ertad |
| "In direction, -ward" | Genitive + -k'en |
| “Before” (time / place); forward, forward | Genitive + -ts'in |
| "On, on" comparative: "as" |
Dative + -ze |
| "At / at / near / to / next to" | Dative + -tan |
| use | Post position |
|---|---|
| Abessive: "without" | Genitive + gareshe |
| Subject: "about, concerning" | Genitive + shesaxeb |
| "to; after, then, later " | Genitive + shemdeg |
| "Because of, as a result" | Genitive + gamo |
| "Except, besides, excepted" | Genitive + garda |
| "while" | Genitive + dros |
| "by" | Genitive + mier |
| "instead of" | Genitive + magivrad |
| "in spite of" | Genitive + miuxedavad |
| "Behind; back, back, backward " | Genitive / dative + uk'an |
| "between" | Dative / genitive + shua |
| "Between, in the middle" | Dative / genitive + shoris |
Plural
- In the plural, the suffix -eb- is inserted between the noun stem and case ending , whereby -a in the end of a noun is omitted.
- The plural suffix does not precede an attributive case ending, nor does it appear in nouns preceded by a numeric word.
- The old Georgian plural (instead of -eb- ), which has special forms for all cases, is seldom found :
-n-i im Nominativ Plural -n-o im Vokativ Plural -t(a) in allen anderen Kasus des Plurals
Adjectives
Flexion
- Depending on their function, adjectives are declined with the noun or attributive case endings.
- The noun adverbial ending - (a) d creates adverbs from adjectives: kartuli "Georgian" → kartulad "in Georgian", k'argi "good" → k'argad ; irregular are for example: neli “slow” → nela , maghali “up” → maghla .
Enhancement and comparisons
- The comparative is formed by the particles upro : lamazi “beautiful” → upro lamazi “more beautiful” or upro lamazad (adverb); irregular are, for example: uk'etesi / umdzhobesi "better" and met'i "more".
- The superlative is the circumfix u- -ES- formed: lamazi "beautiful" → ulamazesi "best (r)" and ulamazesad (adverb) "at the most"; irregular are, for example: sauk'eteso "best" and umet'esi "the / most".
- Equality is expressed by the -ve suffix on some pronouns:
iseti „solch“ → isetive „ein ebensolcher“ igi „jener“ → igive „derselbe, der gleiche“ imdeni „soviel(e)“ → imdenive „ebenso viel(e)“ ise „so“ (Adverb) → iseve „genauso“
Zum Beispiel: ak isetive k'limat'i-a rogor-ts tshven-tan
(hier ebensolch Klima -ist wie- auch uns -bei)
„hier herrscht das gleiche Klima wie bei uns“
- In the comparative, vidre is used to compare “ als ” or the postposition -ze (with dative); in the latter case, the particles upro can be omitted. The verb form "is", shortened to -a , is attached to the adjective:
p'etre upro maghalia vidre p'avle „Peter ist größer als Paul“ Peter mehr hoch . ist als Paul p'etre (upro) maghalia p'avleze „Peter ist größer als Paul“ Peter (mehr) hoch . ist Paul.auf
Shades
- An adjective can be reinforced by dzalian / dzlier "very", metad / priad "extremely", uaghresad "most".
- The superlative can be extended by qvelaze ('as all'): qvelasze upro lamazi "the most beautiful".
- Some adjectives, especially color words, can be weakened by the circumfix mo- -o : lurdzhi "blue" → molurdzho "bluish".
pronoun
(For negative pronouns, see the section on negation . )
Personal and demonstrative pronouns
- In Georgian, the 2nd person plural ( tkven 'ihr') is used as a polite form of addressing a single person as well as indiscriminately to address several people (the same pronoun and the same verb form are used for German 'ihr' and 'Sie').
- Genera are not differentiated here either.
- Personal pronouns have no plural infix, but some have special forms:
1./2. Person ich du wir ihr NOM = ERG = DAT me shen tshven tkven VOK she …!* tkve …!* ADV tshem-ad shen-ad tshven-ad tkven-ad GEN tshem-(s) shen-(s) tshven-(s) tkven-(s) INS tshem-it shen-it tshven-it tkven-it
(* is used before a noun in the vocative.)
3. Person er/sie/es sie NOM is (1) isini ERG (i)man (i)mat DAT (i)ma-s (i)mat ADV (i)m-ad (i)mat GEN (i)m-is (i)mat INS (i)m-it (i)mat
1 Actually a demonstrative pronoun. One also rarely finds igi . See also the section Distance to the speaker .
- The optional i- adds a directional meaning, such as mas “him” → imas “that”.
possessive pronouns
- If the possessive pronouns are used attribute, the plural suffix -eb- is not used.
- The forms of the 1st and 2nd person sometimes have irregular endings:
Possessivpr. 1./2. mein dein unser euer NOM tshem-i shen-i tshven-i tkven-i ERG tshem-ma shen-ma tshven-ma tkven-ma DAT tshem-s shen-s tshven-s tkven-s VOK tshem-o tshven-o ADV -s tshem-s shen-is tshven-s tkven-s GEN -i tshem-i shen-i tshven-i tkven-i INS -(i)s tshem-is shen-is tshven-s tkven-s
Possessivpr. 3. sein/ihr ihr NOM=GEN=INS mis-i mat-i ERG mis-ma mat-ma DAT=ADV mis mat
- When used as a noun , the plural suffix can also be added: tshemebi "die Meinigen".
- In some established terms, the possessive pronouns are still used as suffixes: dedatshemi, dedasheni, dedamisi "my mother, your mother, his / her mother" etc.
Interrogative pronouns
NOM GEN DAT INS wer: win „wer“ wisi „wessen“ wis „wem/wen“ was: ra „was“ risi „wewsen“ ras rit „womit?“
romeli? „welcher…?“ rogori? „was für (ein)…?“ ramdeni? „wie viel?“ sad? - saidan? - sait? „wo? - woher? - wohin?“ ratom? - ristvis? „warum? - wofür?“ rodis? - sanamdis? „wann? - bis wann?“
Distance to the speaker
In the case of the third person pronouns and some others, the gender is not differentiated, but the distance to the speaker is exactly:
Beim Sprecher Beim Angesprochenen Weiter weg
er/sie/es: es eg is
„dies hier“ „das da“ „jenes dort“
soviel: amdeni magdeni imdeni
„soviel (hier)“ „soviel (da)“ „soviel (dort)“
Herkunft: akauri mandauri, makauri ikauri
„hiesig“ „dortig“ „dortig“
„von hier stammend“ „von da stammend“ „von dort stammend“
so: ase, agre egre, magre ise
„auf diese Art“ „auf die Art“ „auf jene Art“
Ort: ak mand ik
„hier(her)“ „da(hin)“ „dort (drüben) (hin)“
Examples
Case and plural
k'ats-i „(der) Mann“ → k'ats-eb-i „(die) Männer“ (Nominativ) megobar-i „(der) Freund“ → megobr-eb-i „(die) Freunde“ (Nominativ) bavshv-ma „(das) Kind“ → bavshv-eb-ma „(die) Kinder“ (Ergativ) xe-s „(dem) Baum“ → xe-eb-s „(den) Bäumen“ (Dativ) deda-(w) „Mutter!“ → ded_-eb-o „(ihr) Mütter!“ (Vokativ) t'aksist'a-d „als Taxifahrer“ → t'aksist'_-eb-ad „als Taxifahrer, zu Taxifahrern“ (Adverbialis) gogo-s „des Mädchens“ → gogo-eb-is „(der) Mädchen“ (Genitiv) mankan_-it „mit dem Auto“ → mankan_-eb-it „mit den Autos“ (Instrumental)
Post positions
megobr-eb-is-tvis „für (die) Freunde“ deda-s-tan ertad „mit (meiner) Mutter“ mshobl-eb-is gareshe „ohne (meine) Eltern“ bavshv-i-vit „wie ein Kind“ bavshv-eb-sa-vit „wie Kinder“ Sakartvelo--shi „in/nach Georgien“ tbilis--shi „in/nach Tiflis“ bagh--shi „im Garten“ dabal sk'am--ze „auf einem niedrigen Stuhl“ tix-isa-gan „aus Ton/Lehm“ sauzm-is shemdeg „nach dem Frühstück“ xval-a-mde = xval-a-mdis „bis morgen“ dil-i-dan saghamo--mde „vom Morgen bis zum Abend“ ert k'vira--shi „in einer Woche“ romel saat--ze „um wie viel Uhr?“ erti tv-ists'in „vor einem Monat“ shen-s gamo „deinetwegen“ tshem-tvis „für mich“
pronoun
Interrogativpronomen: sadaa…? „wo ist…?“
ra aris es = raa es? „was ist das?“
sad tsxovrobt tkven? „wo wohnen Sie?“
sad mivdivart? „wohin gehen wir?“ (wörtlich: 'wo…')
ra gkvia (shen)? „wie heißt du?“
Others
Attributive Deklination: pat'ara saxli „ein kleines Haus“ [NOM Sg]
pat'ara saxlebi „kleine Häuser“ [NOM Pl]
pat'ara saxlebs „den kleinen Häusern“ [DAT Pl] usw.
Kein Plural nach Quantoren: erti bavshvi „ein Kind“ [NOM Pl]
ori bavshvi „zwei Kinder“ (wörtlich: 'zwei Kind')
conjugation
Verbal inflection in Caucasian languages is particularly pronounced and causes the greatest difficulties, not least because of numerous irregularities and overlapping forms. The following presentation can therefore not even come close to exhausting the topic and has to fall back on a large number of technical terms.
Verb classes
- Georgian knows the following verb classes:
- Class 1: Transitiva. These verbs usually have a subject and an object (e.g. 'eat, receive'). Causals also belong in this class ('let someone do something', 'make someone deaf').
- Class 2: Intransitiva. These verbs have no direct object. Most of them have a subject who is not actively performing the action (e.g., 'die', 'happen'). Verbs in the passive voice also belong in this class (e.g. 'to be eaten'), as well as derivatives of adjectives (e.g. 'to become deaf').
- Class 3: Medial verbs. Verbs in this class are usually intransitive (e.g., 'shout'); her subject is in the ergative . Most express movements or weather processes (e.g. 'swimming', 'rolling', 'raining', 'snowing'). But some verbs with a direct object (e.g. 'learn', 'study') also belong in this class.
Some verbs from this class are conjugated like verbs from class 1 (e.g. 'sneeze, cough'). - Class 4: Indirect verbs. Verbs with emotional meaning belong in this class. There are also verbs like: want, can; sleep; believe.
- Tripods verbs. They do not form a class of their own. These verbs express a state (e.g. 'the picture is hanging on the wall') and are conjugated in a similar way to intransitive verbs.
- Irregular verbs. Most of these verbs are conjugated in a similar way to class 2 verbs. The irregular verbs include: be, go / come, say, tell, give. The most important forms can be found in the verb tables .
- In verbs conjugated from German from 'objective', the subject from the German sentence appears as an object:
- The 3rd person replaces a possible version marker -i- with -u-
- In the 2nd and 3rd person plural there is the plural marker -t
- The prefix h- for the 3rd person is rarely used and can be omitted
me [DAT] mqavs „ich habe“ ('mir gehört')
shen [DAT] gqavs „du hast“ ('dir gehört')
mas [DAT] hqavs „er hat“ ('ihm gehört')
tshven[DAT] gvqavs „wir haben“ ('uns gehört')
tkven [DAT] gqavt „ihr habt“ ('euch gehört')
mat [DAT] hqavt „sie haben“ ('ihnen gehört')
me shemidzlia „ich kann“ ('mir ist möglich')
shen shegidzlia „du kannst“ ('dir ist möglich')
mas she_udzlia „er kann“ ('ihm ist möglich')
tshven shegvidzlia „wir können“ ('uns ist möglich')
tkven shegidzliat „ihr könnt“ ('euch ist möglich')
mat she_udzliat „sie können“ ('ihnen ist möglich')
Bei einigen Verben werden hierbei Subjekt und Objekt ausgedrückt:
me momts'ons „ich mag ihn/sie/es“ ('mir gefällt')
shen mogts'ons „du magst ihn/sie/es“ ('dir gefällt')
me ar momts'ons is „ich mag jenes nicht“ ('mir gefällt jenes nicht')
me ar momts'onan isini „ich mag jene nicht“ ('mir gefallen jene nicht')
momts'onxar „du gefällst mir“ (xar „du bist“) mogts'onvar „ich gefalle dir“ (var „ich bin“) → Reflixivität kann so nicht ausgedrückt werden (verboten sind: *momts'onvar, *mogts'onxar usw.).
Screeves
In Georgian, it makes less sense to divide the verb forms into tenses, aspects and modes. Instead, a distinction is made between 11 so-called 'Screeves' (anglicized from Georgian mtskrivi ). These each represent their own combination of tense, aspect and mode, which in turn can be divided into series:
Indikativ Vergangenheit Subjunktive Präsens-Serie Präsens Imperfekt Subjunktiv Präsens Futur-Serie Futur [FUT] Konditional Subjunktiv Futur Aorist-Serie Aorist [AOR] Optativ [OPT] Perfekt-Serie Perfekt (1) Plusquamperfekt [PQP] Subjunktiv Perfekt
1 Also called "evidentialis".
- Use of the present tense series: The present tense expresses what happens while speaking ('he is reading the newspaper') or repeatedly ('he is reading his newspaper every morning'). The past tense stands for incomplete ('he was reading the newspaper') or repeated ('he used to read the newspaper every morning') events in the past. The subjunctive is used, mostly in relative clauses, for improbable events in the present.
- Use of the future series: The future tense expresses what will happen in the future ('he will read the newspaper'). The conditional is in conditional clauses ('he would read' or 'he would have read'). The future subjunctive is used, mostly in dependent clauses, for unlikely events in the future.
- Using the Aorist Series:
Der Aorist drückt zweierlei aus:
1) Zum Einen In der Vergangenheit abgeschlossene Ereignisse: 'Er las die Zeitung' oder 'als er gerade Zeitung las [Imperfekt], klingelte das Telefon [Aorist].'
2) Zum Anderen wird er als Imperativ der 2. Person (ohne Personalpronomen) verwendet: 'Lies die Zeitung!' bzw. 'lest die Zeitung!'. (shen) gaak'ete „du hast gemacht“ → gaak'ete! „mach!“ (tkven) gaak'etet „ihr habt gemacht“ → gaak'etet! „macht!“
Auch der Optativ hat mehrere Funktionen:
Vereinter Imperativ: 'lies nicht!' 'müssen': 'du musst lesen' (wörtlich: es-will, dass du lesest) Hypothetische Bedingungen: 'wenn er läse [Optativ], würde… geschehen [Konditional]' Adhortativ: 'lasst uns lesen!'
- Use of the perfect series: The perfect represents past events that the speaker did not experience. The past perfect expresses prematurity ('he had read the newspaper'). The subjunctive perfect mostly stands for wishes ('may he read!').
composition
A verb root is expanded by a variety of affixes and combinations of such. The affixes can be divided into different groups, each in a fixed position (most of which are usually empty):
-3 Präverb -2 Personalpräfixe -1 Versionsmarkierer 0 [Wurzel] 1 Passivmarker 2 Thema-Suffix 3 Kausativ-Markierer 4 Imperfekt-Markierer 5 Personalsuffixe 6 [Hilfsverb] 7 Der Plural-Markierer
- The function of the individual affix groups is described below. All extensions of the verb root result in a word that is used as a predicate or verbal noun. Irregularities arise, for example, when some verbs use different roots for different screeves (see the conjugation tables for irregular verbs ).
- The person of the verb (1st / 2nd / 3rd person singular and plural) is expressed by a combination of prefixes and suffixes, both for the subject and for an object. The personal pronouns are often left out. The personnel affixes are in positions -2, 5 and 7.
Preverbs (-3)
- Preverbs are various one- or rarely two-syllable suffixes, some of which have no concrete meaning and are then generally missing in the present screeves (Examples 1–3) or replaced by others (Example 4); For verbs that are conjugated without an inherent preverb, the following is usually added or ga- added in the future tense and the aorist (depending on the verb) (example 5):
1 Infinitiv: dasveneba „ruhen“ Aorist: daisveneb „du ruhtest“ Präsens: isveneb „du ruhst“
2 Infinitiv: da-xmareba „helfen“ Aorist: daexmareb „du halfst“ Präsens: exmareb „du hilfst“
3 Infinitiv: gageba „erfahren/verstehen/begreifen“
mogeba „gewinnen“
Futur: gavigeb „ich werde erfahren/verstehen/begreifen“
movigeb „ich werde gewinnen“
Präsens: vigeb „ich erfahre/verstehe/begreife“ oder „ich gewinne“
4 Infinitiv: datsh'era „halten“ Präsens: g_itsh'irav „du hältst“ Aorist: g_itsh'irav „du hieltst“
5 Infinitiv: k'eteba „tun“ Präsens: ak'eteb „du tust“ Futur: gaak'eteb „du wirst tun“ Aorist: gaak'ete „du tatest“
- In some cases, however, they also have a specific function such as marking the direction, here using the example of the verb svla ~ "go, drive, climb, come ..." (e.g. mse amodis - mse tshadis "the sun rises - the sun goes down"):
| towards the speaker | away from the speaker |
| mo-svla "come here" | mi-svla “go there; drive to" |
| a-mo-svla “come up; climb up " | a-svla “go up; climb up " |
| ga-mo-svla "come out" | ga-svla “go out; depart" |
| gad-mo-svla “come over; move here " | gada-svla “to go over; move there " |
| she-mo-svla "come in" | she-svla "go in" |
| tsha-mo-svla “come down; arrive here; arrive here " | tsha-svla “to descend; get there " |
| ts'a-mo-svla “drive away and come here; come along " | ts'a-svla "go away and come there" |
Personnel prefixes (-2)
- The 1st person as a subject ('I, we') is expressed by the prefix v- :
ts'er „du schreibst“ v-ts'er „ich schreibe“ v-ts'er-t „wir schreiben“
- The 1st and 2nd person as an object is also expressed by prefixes ( m- “me”, gv- “us”, g- “dir”, g- + plural markers “you”), which may contain the v -Prefix prefix.
- gv- never takes -t !
ts'er „du schreibst“ m-ts'er „du schreibst mir“ (mit Objekt 'mir') gv-ts'er „du schreibst uns“ (mit Objekt 'uns')
v-ts'er „ich schreibe“ g-ts'er „ich schreibe dir“ (mit Objekt 'dir')
ts'er-t „ihr schreibt“ v-ts'er-t „wir schreiben“ g-ts'er-t ohne Personalpronomen mehrdeutig! Siehe dazu 'Das Plural-Suffix'.
- The third person as an object usually has no prefix (in the plural there is only the plural marker -t ):
(me) v-xat'av „ich male (ihn/sie/es)“
- The prefix h- is rare, which can occur, for example, in objectively conjugated verbs:
m -konda „ich besaß“ (zu verstehen als: 'mir gehörte') (h)-konda „er/sie besaß“ (zu verstehen als: 'ihm/ihr gehörte') (h)-kondat „sie besaßen“ (zu verstehen als: 'ihnen gehörte')
- The prefix u- occurs in place of another vowel in some verbs:
m-inda „ich will“ g-inda „du willst“ unda „er/sie will“ undat „sie wollen“
Version marker (-1)
- The version marker is one of the vowels a, e, i, u . Like the preverb, it is partly without concrete or predictable meaning, but on the other hand it also has the following functions:
- Subjectively: v [i] ts'er "I write it [for myself], I copy it"
- Objectively: v [u] ts'er "I write it [for someone / him / her]"
- Locative: v [a] ts'er "I write it [on something]"
It is also used to form the passive and causative.
- For some verbs, a version marker is inherently added in finite forms:
k'eteba „tun“ → ak'eteb „du tust“ sheneba „bauen“ → aasheneb „du baust“
- Several objectively conjugated verbs inherently have the version marker i- in the 1st and 2nd person and u- in the 3rd person :
1./2. Person Präsens: minda, ginda, gvinda, gindat „ich will, du willst, wir wollen, ihr wollt“ Aorist: mominda, moginda, mogvinda, mogindat „ich wollte, du wolltest, wir wollten, ihr wolltet“
3. Person Präsens: unda, undat „er/sie will, sie wollen“ Aorist: mounda, moundat „er/sie wollte, sie wollten“
The verb root (0)
- The root is up to 15 phonemes long, sometimes it only consists of a single consonant, so it is sometimes difficult to find in the middle of all the affixes.
- Words are formed using pre-verbs (-3), version markers (-1) and / or topic suffixes (2). Examples for the root gh- „open; receive, take; photograph ":
mivighe ts'erili „ich habe den Brief empfangen“ gaagheb k'ars „du wirst die Türe öffnen“
The passive marker (1)
The passive marker -d- is attached to transitive verb roots. Another possibility of forming the passive voice is given by the version marker i- , the reflexive meaning of which is to be understood in a passive way.
ts'iteli „rot“ ga-a-ts'it l -e „du brachtest ihn zum Erröten“ (zu verstehen als: 'er wurde zum Erröten gebracht') ga -ts'it l-d-i „er errötete“
Ein Verb der Klasse 2:
da-v- bad-eb „ich werde ihn/sie gebären“ da-v-i-bad-eb-i1 „ich werde geboren werden“ (zu verstehen als: 'ich werde mich hervorbringen')
(1das Personalsuffix -i ist obligatorisch für intransitive Verben)
The subject suffix (2)
- The Georgian verbs are divided into 8 classes by certain suffixes ( -av -, - am -, - eb -, - ob -, - etc.).
- The subject suffixes (also known as 'present / future stem formants') can only be used if the passive marker is missing - in the present and future screeves, only rarely in the perfect:
xat- „mal-“ xat-_v-a „malen“ xat-av „du malst“ (Wechsel von -v- zu -av) xat-avs „er malt“ …
shen- „bau-“ shen-eb-a „bauen“ a-shen-eb „du baust“ a-shen-ebs „er/sie baut“ …
ts'er „schreib-“ ts'era „schreiben“ ts'er „du schreibst“ ts'ers „er schreibt“ …
- The subject suffix can only appear in the infinitive of certain verbs, or it can change in some screeves:
mots'on-eba „gefallen“ momts'on-s „mir gefällt“
nadiroba „jagen“ inadireb [AOR] „du jagtest“
The causative marker (3)
(The causative is expressed in German as “let, induce, bring to” etc.) The causative is usually used together with the version marker a- . A transitive verb is digitized by -in-eb- or -ev- (in the following example with deletion of the root vowel):
tsh'am „du isst“ a-tsh'_m-ev „du lässt (ihn/sie) essen, du bringst ihn/sie zum Essen“
The past tense marker (4)
The past tense marker is formed by the suffix -d- (for verbs in class 1) or -od- (for verbs in class 2) and is used for the following forms: past tense, subjunctive present and future tense, conditional:
vasheneb „ich baue“ vasheneb-d-i „ich war am Bauen“
Personal suffixes (5)
There are several morphemes with the same function for the personal suffixes:
| person | Ending | Regular use |
|---|---|---|
| 1./2. person | - | Present or future tense |
| -i | Imperfect aorist with present stem -am and optionally with -av |
|
| -e | Past tense aorist for all other verbs |
|
| 3rd person singular | -s 1 | Present or future tense |
| -a | Past tense or aorist | |
| -O | Rarely, in the aorist | |
| 3rd person plural 2 | -en | Present or future tense |
| -nen | Past tense or aorist | |
| -it | Rarely, in the aorist | |
| - (i) on | Rarely, in the present or future tense |
1 Is completely replaced by the plural marker -t , if one occurs.
2 Erase the plural marker -t completely.
- In the subjunctive and optative, the personal suffix for all persons is -e / o , less often -a .
The auxiliary verb (6)
- The partially shortened present tense forms of the verb qopna "sein" are used in some objectively conjugated verbs in the present tense (3rd person singular -s , 3rd person plural -ian ):
g-iqvar-var „du liebst mich“* m-iqvar-xar „ich liebe dich“ m-iqvar-s „ich liebe ihn/sie“ m-iqvar-xart „ich liebe euch“ m-iqvar-an „ich liebe sie (Pl.)“
mi-v-di-var „ich gehe hin“ mi- -di-xar „du gehst hin“ mi- -di-s „er/sie geht hin“ mi-v-di-vart „wir gehen hin“ mi- -di-xart „ihr geht hin“ mi- -di-an „sie gehen hin“
* Etwa zu verstehen als: ich (Subjekt) bin dir (Objekt) lieb
- In addition, they are in the forms of the perfect tense for verbs of the 2nd class (3rd person singular -a ; the forms of the aorist for the subjunctive perfect):
mo-v-mkvdar-var „ich bin gestorben“ mo- -mkvdar-xar „du bist gestorben“ mo- -mkvdar-a „er/sie ist gestorben“ mo-v-mkvdar-vart „wir sind gestorben“ mo- -mkvdar-xart „ihr seid gestorben“ mo- -mkvdar-an „sie sind gestorben“
The plural marker (7)
- The plural suffix -t is used with personal affixes for both those of the subject and those of the object. With the subject, however, only for the 1st and 2nd person plural, because the 3rd person plural has a special suffix that simply replaces the plural marker; for the object only for the 2nd and 3rd person plural, as the 1st person plural is clearly marked by the prefix gv- and the -t is not necessary.
- Only a plural suffix can be added to a verb.
1. Person Subjekt: v-ts'er „ich schreibe“ → v-ts'er-t „wir schreiben“ 2. Person Subjekt: ts'er „du schreibst“ → ts'er-t „ihr schreibt“ (3. Person Subjekt: ts'er-s „er schreibt“ → ts'er-en „sie schreiben“)
(1. Person Objekt: shemidzlia „ich kann“ → shegvidzlia „wir können“) (2. Person Objekt: shegidzlia „du kannst“ → shegidzlia-t „ihr könnt“) (3. Person Objekt: sheudzlia „er kann“ → sheudzlia-t „sie können“)
- The plural suffix deletes the personal ending -s of the 3rd person singular , but is itself deleted from the ending of the 3rd person plural :
g-ts'er-s „er schreibt dir“ (g- = dir, -s = er/sie/es) g-ts'er-t „er schreibt euch“ (g- + -t = euch, -s wird von -t getilgt) g-ts'er-en „sie schreiben euch“ (g- + -t = euch, -t wird von -en getilgt)
- Taken together, this creates a series of overlaps, resulting in ambiguous forms if the personal pronouns are not used; however, the object prefixes m- "mir" and gv- "us" are always unique:
g-ts'er-t „ich schreibe euch“ (g- + -t = euch, g- tilgt v-) g-ts'er-t „er schreibt euch“ (g- + -t = euch, -t tilgt -s) g-ts'er-t „wir schreiben dir“ (v- + -t = wir, g- tilgt v-) g-ts'er-t „wir schreiben euch“ (v- + -t = wir, -t steht für Subjekt UND Objekt)
g-ts'er-en „sie schreiben dir“ (g- = dir) g-ts'er-en „sie schreiben euch“ (g- + -t = euch, -en tilgt -t)
- Reflexivity (subject = object) can not be expressed through the personal endings. A form like m-ts'er cannot mean '* I write to myself', but clearly stands for “you are writing to me” ( ts'er “you are writing” has neither a prefix nor a suffix to express the subject, while the Object is uniquely determined by m- ). For more on reflexivity, see the relevant section .
Reflexivity
- Reflexivity (the same person appears in the subject as in the object, e.g. 'I → me, you → you' etc.) cannot be expressed by a combination of prefixed and suffixed personal affixes (i.e. that the verb form gts'er , for example, is not means 'you are writing to yourself', but only 'I am writing to you').
- The noun tavi "head" can be used as a pronoun with two different meanings in the sentence structure:
- This construction serves as a substitute for reflexive pronouns: tshemi tavi "me (yourself)", sheni tavi "yourself".
- It replaces the personal pronoun of the direct object in a predicate that is congruent with an in direct object:
vano [SUBJ] anzors [DO] adarebs givis [IO] „Vano vergleicht Anzor mit Givi“ vano [SUBJ] shens tavs [DO] adarebs givis [IO] „Vano vergleicht dich mit Givi“
(Falsch wäre ein Satz wie *vano shen g-adarebs givis.)
- In the genitive tavis (i) it can be used as a possessive pronoun of the 3rd person:
vano adzlevs bavshvs tavis dedas „Vano gibt das Kind seiner Mutter“
(tavis ebenso wie „seiner“ kann sich auf Vano oder das Kind beziehen.)
Reflexivity (also possessive or as dative commodi) can also be expressed by the version vowel -i- (which can also be interpreted passively ; equivalent morphemes are enclosed in square brackets):
deda [u]-k'eravs [shvils] k'abas „die Mutter näht [dem Kind] Kleidung“ deda [i]-k'eravs k'abas „die Mutter näht [sich] Kleidung“
mzi [u]tshmends [das] pexsatsmlebs „Mzia putzt [(ihrer) Schwester] Schuhe“ mzia [i]tshmends pexsatsmlebs „Mzia putzt [ihre eigenen] Schuhe“
bavshma da[m]bana piri „das Kind wusch [mir] das Gesicht“ me dav[i]bane piri „ich wusch [mir] das Gesicht“
kali movst'atse „ich entführte (seine) Tochter“ kali mov[i]t'atse „ich entfürhte [mir] ein Mädchen“
auxiliary verbs
- ndoma “to want” is conjugated after class 4. This verb can be accompanied by a noun, an infinitive, a predicate in the optative or a subordinate clause with rom "that":
me minda erti p'uri [Subst. NOM] „ich möchte ein Brot“ me minda tsh'ama [INF] „ich will/möchte essen“ me minda Berlin-shi davrek'o [OPT] „ich möchte nach Berlin telefonieren“
- The 3rd person singular of the verb 'will' ( unda ) is also used to express “must”; it is followed by a predicate in the optative or past perfect:
unda gadavdzhde? [OPT] „muss ich umsteigen?“ (zu verstehen als: 'will es, dass ich umsteige?') saxli unda ameshenebina [PQP] „ich sollte ein Haus bauen“
-
shedzleba "can" is a class 4 verb. It is used with an infinitive or an optative. The future tense ('I will be able to') and the past ('I could') are formed with the future tense or aorist.
For the negation of 'can' there is the particle ver + indicative (without auxiliary verb!):
she-g-idzlia-t amis shek'etba? [INF] „können Sie das reparieren?“ (zu verstehen als: 'ist es Ihnen möglich, dies hier zu reparieren?') she-g-idzlia-t biksirze amiqvanot? [OPT] „können Sie mich abschleppen?“ (zu verstehen als: 'ist es Ihnen möglich, dass Sie mich auf einem Schlepper nehmen?') ver ga-v-ige [AOR] „ich verstehe nicht (ich habe nicht verstanden)“ xval ver moval [FUT] „ich kann morgen nicht kommen“
Infinite forms
- The infinitive ( masdari ) ends in -a , preceded by a subject suffix (e.g. k'et-eb-a "do", ts'er-a "write").
The subject suffix -av loses its vowel (e.g. xat-_v-a " malen " to xatav "du malst").
Conjugation tables
Partial irregularities are underlined in the following tables. The hyphens and spaces are for clarity only.
Regular verbs
- Class 1 strong: k'eteba "do / do" (with mandatory version marker):
| person | Present | Future tense | Past tense | Aorist | Perfect |
| I | va- k'et -eb | ga- vak'et-eb | vak'et -eb -di | ga- vak'et -e | ga-mi- k'et -eb-ia |
| you | --a-k'et-eb | ga --- a-k'et-eb | --a-k'et-eb-di | ga --- a-k'et-e | ga-gi-k'et-eb-ia |
| he she it | --a-k'et-eb-s | ga --- a-k'et-eb-s | --a-k'et-eb-da | ga --- a-k'et-a | ga --- u-k'et-eb-ia |
| we | va-k'et-eb-t | ga --- ak'et-eb-t | va-k'et-eb-dit | ga-va-k'et-et | ga-gv-i-k'et-eb-ia |
| her | --a-k'et-eb-t | ga --- a-k'et-eb-t | --a-k'et-eb-dit | ga --- a-k'et-et | ga-gi-k'et-eb-iat |
| she | --a-k'et-eb-en | ga --- a-k'et-eb-en | --a-k'et-eb-d-nen | ga --- a-k'et-es | ga --- u-k'et-eb-iat |
| person | Subj. Present tense | Subj. Future tense | Subj. Perfect | Optional |
| I | va- k'et -eb-de | ga --- va-k'et-eb-de | ga-m -e-k'et-a | ga-va-k'et-o |
| you | --a-k'et-eb-de | ga --- a-k'et-eb-de | ga-g -e-k'et-a | ga --- a-k'et-o |
| he she it | --a-k'et-eb-des | ga --- a-k'et-eb-des | ga-- -e-k'et-a | ga --- a-k'et-os |
| we | va-k'et-eb-det | ga-va-k'et-eb-det | ga-gv-e-k'et-a | ga-va-k'et-ot |
| her | --a-k'et-eb-det | ga --- a-k'et-eb-det | ga-g -e-k'et-at | ga --- a-k'et-ot |
| she | --a-k'et-eb-d-nen | ga --- a-k'et-eb-d-nen | ga-- -ek'et-at | ga --- a-k'et-on |
Not all persons are spelled out in the following tables. The first table for shal- "hear" can be read as follows, for example:
Präsens-Serie IMPERFEKT Subjunktiv ich höre: vshli ich hörte: vshlidi vshlide du hörst: shli du hörtest: shlidi shlide er hört: shlis er hörte: shlida shlides wir hören: vshlit wir hörten: vshlidit vshlidet ihr hört: shlit ihr hörtet: shlidit shlidet sie hören: shlian sie hörten: shlidnen shlidnen
Futur-Serie FUTUR KONDITIONAL FUTUR SUBJUNKTIV ich gavshli gavshlidi gavshlide du gashli gashlidi gashlide er/sie/es gashlis gashlida gashlides wir gavshlit gavshlidit gavshlidet ihr gashlit gashlidit gashlidet sie gashlian gashlidnen gashlidnen
Aorist-Serie AORIST OPTATIV ich gavshale gavshalo du gashale gashalo er/sie/es gashala gashalos wir gavshalet gavshalot ihr gashalet gashalot sie gashales gashalon
Perfekt-Serie EVIDENTIAL INDIKATIV EVIDENTIAL SUBJUNKTIV ich gamishlia gameshala du gagishlia gageshala er/sie/es gaushlia gaeshala wir gagvishlia gagveshala ihr gagishliat gageshalat sie gaushliat gaeshalat
The endings -xar / a / an are for everyone: -var, -xar, -a, -vart, -xart, -an . The endings -iqavi / iqo / iqvnen are for everyone: -iqavi, -iqavi, -iqo, -iqavit, -iqavit, -iqvnen
- Class 1 weak: shal- "hear"
| [1. Person] 2nd singular / 3rd Singular / 3rd Plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [v] - shl -i / is / ian | [v] -shl-idi / a / nen | [v] -shl-ide / es / nen |
| Future tense series | ga- [v] -shl-i / is / ian | ga- [v] -shl-idi / a / nen | ga- [v] -shl-ide / es / nen |
| Aorist series | ga- [v] - shal -e / a / es | ga- [v] -shal-o / os / on | |
| Perfect series | ga- [m / gv] -i / u-shl-ia / a / at | ga- [m / gv] -e-shal-a / a / at |
- Class 2i: i-xat-eb- "to be painted"
| [1. Person] 2nd singular / 3rd Singular / 3rd Plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [v] -ixat -eb-i / a / ian | [v] -i-xat-eb-od-i / a / nen | [v] -i-xat-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Future tense series | ga-mo- [v] -i-xat-eb-i / a / ian | ga-mo- [v] -i-xat-eb-od-i / a / nen | ga-mo- [v] -i-xat-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Aorist series | ga-mo- [v] -i-xat-e / a / nen | ga-mo- [v] -i-xat-o / os / on | |
| Perfect series | ga-mo- [v] -xat-ul- xar / a / an | ga-mo- [v] -xat-ul- iqavi / iqo / iqvnen |
- Class 2d: k'et-d-eb- "be done"
| [1. Person] 2nd singular / 3rd Singular / 3rd Plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [v] - k'et -d-eb-i / a / ian | [v] -k'et-d-eb-od-i / a / nen | [v] -k'et-d-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Future tense series | ga- [v] -k'et-d-eb-i / a / ian | ga- [v] -k'et-d-eb-od-i / a / nen | ga- [v] -k'et-d-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Aorist series | ga- [v] -k'et-di / a / nen * | ga- [v] -k'et-de / es / nen * | |
| Perfect series | ga- [v] -k'et-eb-ul- xar / a / an | ga- [v] -k'et-eb-ul- iqavi / iqo / iqvnen |
(* the form gaketdnen is not unique!)
- Class 2x: kvd- "die"
| [1. Person] 2nd singular / 3rd Singular / 3rd Plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [v] - kvd -eb-i / a / ian | [v] -kvd-eb-od-i / a / nen | [v] -kvd-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Future tense series | mo- [v] -kvd-eb-i / a / ian | mo- [v] -kvd-eb-od-i / a / ian | mo- [v] -kvd-eb-od-e / es / nen |
| Aorist series | mo- [v] -kvd-i / a / nen * | mo- [v] -kvd-e / es / nen * | |
| Perfect series | mo- [v] -m-kvd-ar- xar / a / an | mo- [v] -m-kvd-ar- iqavi / iqo / iqvnen |
(* the form mokvdnen is not unique!)
- Class 3: tamash "playing"
| [1. Person] 2nd singular / 3rd Singular / 3rd Plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [v] - tamash -ob-Ø / s / en | [v] -tamash-ob-di / a / nen | [v] -tamash-ob-de / es / nen |
| Future tense series | [v] -i-tamash-eb-Ø / s / en | [v] -i-tamash-eb-di / a / nen | [v] -i-tamash-eb-de / es / nen |
| Aorist series | [v] -i-tamash-e / a / es | [v] -i-tamash-o / os / on | |
| Perfect series | [m / gv] -i / u-tamash-nia / a / at | [m / gv] -e-tamash-a / a / at |
- Class 4: (e) -ghvizh- "to be awake" (the only personal suffix is -s in the present tense and all subjunctive forms)
| [1. Person] singular & 1st plural / 2nd & 3rd plural |
indicative | past | Subjunctive |
| Present tense series | [m / gv] - ghvizh -av-s / t | [m / gv] -ghvizh-av-da / dat | [m / gv] -ghvizh-av-de-s / t |
| Future tense series | [m / gv] -e-ghvizh-eb-a / at | [m / gv] -e-ghvizh-eb-od-a / at | [m / gv] -e-ghvizh-eb-ob-es / et |
| Aorist series | [m / gv] -e-ghvizh-a / at | [m / gv] -e-ghvizh-os / ot | |
| Perfect series | [m / gv] -ghvizh-eb-ia / iat | [m / gv] -ghvizh-od-a / at |
- dadgma, dg- "stand, set up" in the aorist with the ending -i :
| person | Aorist |
| I | da-v- dg -i |
| you | da --- dg-i |
| he she it | da --- dg-a |
| we | da-v-dg-it |
| her | da --- dg-it |
| she | da --- dg-es |
Irregular verbs
- qopna "to be"
| person | Present | Future tense | Aorist |
| I | v- ar | v- ikneb -i | v- iqav -i |
| you | x -ar | --ikneb-i | --iqav-i |
| he she it | --ar- i s; -a; (-s) | --ikneb-a | --iq o |
| we | v-ar-t | v-ikneb-it | v-iqav-it |
| her | x -ar-t | --ikneb-it | --iqav-it |
| she | --ar- ian ; -on | --ikneb- ian | --iq v-nen |
aris "ist" erscheint häufig zu -a verkürzt. Wird es an Wörter angehängt, die auf ein normalerweise ausgelassenes "a" enden, entsteht die Endung -aa, zum Beispiel: sadaa / raa ...? "wo ist / was ist ...?", araa "ist nicht", es iapia "das ist billig" k'argi amindia "das Wetter ist gut"
- kona “possessing (something inanimate)” (e.g. books, television); objective conjugation. The aorist ( v-ikonie ) is not in use. The prefix h- is seldom pronounced.
| person | Present | Future tense | Past tense |
| I | m - akv -s | m -e- kne -ba | m - kon -da |
| you | g -akv-s | g -e-kne-ba | g -kon-da |
| he she it | - -akv-s | - -e-kne-ba | h -kon-da |
| we | gv-akv-s | gv-e-kne-ba | gv-kon-da |
| her | g -akv-t | g -e-kne-ba-t | g -kon-da-t |
| she | - -akv-t | - -e-kne-ba-t | h -kon-da-t |
- qola “to have (animate)” (e.g. children); objective conjugation. The aorist is uncommon. The prefix h- is seldom pronounced.
| person | Present | Future tense | Past tense |
| I | m - qav -s | m -e- qol-eba | m - qav -da |
| you | g -qav-s | g -e-qol-eba | g -qav-da |
| he she it | - -qav-s | - -e-qol-eba | h -qav-da |
| we | gv-qav-s | gv-e-qol-eba | gv-qav-da |
| her | g -qav-t | g -e-qol-eba-t | g -qav-da-t |
| she | - -qav-t | - -e-qol-eba-t | h -qav-da-t |
- tkma, tkv- "say"
| person | Present | Aorist |
| I | v- amb -ob | v- tkv -i |
| you | --amb-ob | --tkv-i |
| he she it | --amb-ob-s | --tkv-a |
| we | v-amb-ob-t | v-tkv-it |
| her | --amb-ob-t | --tkv-it |
| she | --amb-ob-en | --tkv-es |
- tsodna "know"
| person | Present | Past tense |
| I | vi ts i | vi ts o-di |
| you | --itsi | --itso-di |
| he she it | --itsi-s | --itso-da |
| we | v-itsi-t | v-itso-dit |
| her | --itsi-t | --itso-dit |
| she | --its ian | --itso-d-nen |
- svla "go". The finite forms are only used together with prefixes !. In the present tense one finds the partly shortened forms of qopna “sein” as endings.
| person | Present | Future tense | Past tense | Aorist |
| I | … -V-di-v ar | ... - val | ... -v- dio -di | ... - ved-i |
| you | ... --- di-xar | ... - x val | … --- dio-di | … - x ved-i |
| he she it | … --- di-s | ... - especially | ... --- dio-da | ... - vid -a |
| we | ... -v-di-vart | ... --val-t | … -V-dio-dit | … --Ved-it |
| her | ... --- di-xart | ... - x val-t | … --- dio-dit | … - x ved-it |
| she | … --- d ian | … - v l -en | ... --- dio-d-nen | ... - vid -nen |
Imperativ:
mi-di! „geh hin!“ mo-di! „komm her!“ ts'a-di! „geh weg!“ ts'a-mo-di! „komm mit!“
- In some forms, the vla is conjugated to "walk regularly", deviating from the scheme above:
| person | Future tense | Aorist |
| I | da-vi vl i | da-v- iar -e |
| you | da --- ivli | da --- iar-e |
| he she it | da --- ivli-s | da --- iar-a |
| we | da-v-ivli-t | da-v-iar-et |
| her | da --- ivli-t | da --- iar-et |
| she | da --- ivli- an | da --- iar-es |
- Class 4: ndoma "want"; objective conjugation (what is wanted is in the nominative)
| person | Present | Past tense | Aorist |
| I | m -i- nd a | m -i- nd o-da | mo-m -i- nd a |
| you | g -i-nda | g -i-ndo-da | mo-g -i-nda |
| he she it | - - u -nda | - - u -ndo-da | mo-- - u -nda |
| we | gv-i-nda | gv-i-ndo-da | mo-gv-i-nda |
| her | g -i-nda-t | g -i-ndo-da-t | mo-g -i-nda-t |
| she | - - u -nda-t | - - u -ndo-da-t | mo-- - u -nda-t |
syntax
sentence position
- The sentence order has few restrictions. A frequently used sentence order is subject - object - verb ; but the verb can just as well come after the subject. In the present tense series, direct and indirect objects are in the dative, the meaning arises from the context:
me dedas ts'erils vts'er „Ich schreibe meiner Mutter einen Brief.“ ich Mutter.DAT Brief.DAT ich.schreibe = me vts'er ts'eril-s deda-s ich ich.schreibe Brief.DAT Mutter.DAT
ask
- Question words are at the beginning of the sentence:
romel saatse? „Um wie viel Uhr?“ ras inebebt? „Was wünschen Sie?“
- Decision-making questions cannot be expressed by rearranging parts of the sentence; instead, the voice rises towards the end of the word:
vano mgheris? = mgheris vano? „Singt Vano?“ tshemtan ertad moxval? „Wirst du mit mir kommen?“
- The particle xom (around the 2nd position in the sentence) is used when an affirmative or negative answer is expected:
tkven xom xart k'argad? „Euch geht es doch gut, oder?“ an xom ar itsi ra ghirs es? „oder weißt du etwa nicht, was das kostet?“ dghes xom k'argi amindia? „Heute ist doch wohl gutes Wetter?“ Tag.DAT doch gut Wetter.ist? dghes xom ar aris k'argi amindi? „Ist heute etwa gutes Wetter?“ Tag.DAT doch nicht ist gut Wetter?
- The particle do "if, whether" makes questions more polite:
tshai ginda? „Willst du Tee?“ tshai tu ginda? „Möchtest du Tee?“
negation
- The negative suffix u- (to be translated as 'without') is used in nouns:
Substantiv → Substantiv: guli „Herz“ → u-gul-oba „Herzlosigkeit“
Substantiv → Adjektiv: gemo „Geschmack“ → u-gem-ur-i „ohne Geschmack, schal“ marili „Salz“ → u-maril-o „nicht salzig“
- The normal negative is formed by ar before a verb:
ar minda „Ich will nicht“ es ase araa „Das ist nicht so“ dies so nicht.ist
- Is the subject something not possible to use the particles ver :
ver gavige „Ich habe [es] nicht verstanden“ nicht.möglich ich.verstand ver get'qvi „Ich kann [es] dir nicht sagen“ nicht.möglich dir.sage ver movedi „Ich konnte nicht kommen“ nicht.möglich ich.kam xval ver moval „Ich kann morgen nicht kommen“ morgen nicht.möglich ich.werde.kommen
- An imperative is indicated by ar (polite request) or nu [d. i. / only- / ] (strict prohibition) negated:
nu nerviulob! „Mach dir keine Sorgen!“ nu vilap'arak'ebt amaze! „Reden wir nicht darüber!“
- With an infix, all negations can be given the meaning 'no longer, no longer':
aghar mova „Er wird nicht mehr kommen“ veghar vtsham „Ich kann nicht mehr essen“ nughar iparav! „Stiehl nicht mehr!“
- All three negations, used in pairs, can be given the meaning "neither ... nor" with the suffix -ts "also":
arts shen shegidzlia arts me „Weder ich kann es, noch du“ nicht-auch dir möglich.ist nicht-auch mir verts shen gaige rame verts iman „Weder du noch er/sie hat etwas verstanden“ n.m.auch du verstandst etwas n.m.auch er.ERG
- Negative pronouns can also be formed from all three, whereby the original r appears again at nu :
„niemand“: aravin / veravin / nuravin (nicht.wer) „nichts“: araperi / veraperi / nuraperi „kein einziger“: artserti / vertserti / nurtserti (nicht.auch.einer) „kein(erlei)“: aravitari / veravitari / nuravitari „nie(mals)“: arasdros / verasdros / nurasdros (zu keiner Zeit) „nirgends“: arsad / versad / nursad (nicht.wo) „nirgendwohin“: arsaitk'en / versaitk'en / nursaitk'en (nicht.wohin) „nirgendwoher“: arsaidan / versaidan / nursaidan (nicht.woher)
shen araperi ar ginda? „Willst du nichts?“ du nichts nicht willst me veraperi (ver) gavige „Ich habe nichts verstanden“ ich nichts (nicht) verstand
Conjunctions
da und tu, an, anda oder an...an entweder...oder xan...xan bald...bald magram aber ese igi also radgan, rak'i denn amit'om deshalb torem sonst
rom dass imit'om rom weil tumtsa obwohl sanam bevor rogorts k'i sobald rotsa, rodesatz als, wenn tu falls, ob
rac (dasjenige), was auch
literature
- TW Stewart Jr .: GEORGIAN AGREEMENT WITHOUT EXTRINSIC ORDERING . Ohio State University, 2001. (See web links.)
- Lascha Bakradze: Georgian word for word . REISE KNOW-HOW Verlag, ISBN 3-89416-278-3 .
- G. Anderson & O. Gurevich: Towards a Typology of Version: Formal and Functional Perspectives 1 . Oregon / MPI-EVA, Leipzig & UC Berkeley. (See web links.)
- Stephen Anderson: A morphous morphology . Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-521-37866-6 . (See web links.)
- BD Joseph & RD Janda: The handbook of historical linguistics . Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 978-0-631-19571-9 . (See web links.)
- ten Cate & Zeevat: Logic, Language and Computation . Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-75143-4 . (See web links.)
Web links
( See also the links on the Georgian Language page . )
- Towards a topology of version (en) (PDF file; 187 kB)
- A-morphous morphology (en)