Closed platform
A closed platform (also called a walled garden or closed system ) is a platform that is restricted by the manufacturer. In contrast, there are open platforms, which allow the user a lot of freedom. An example of a limitation are the iOS devices from Apple, on which the user can only use applications approved by the manufacturer.
Overview
In the case of smartphones and game consoles in particular , manufacturers pursue a business model in which the manufacturer would like to retain control over the software, usable media and other content via an exclusive sales model. The operating system is designed using DRM in such a way that only content authorized or signed by the manufacturer can be used with the device. This business model offers a number of advantages, such as a certain level of protection against malware through prior checks , but it also restricts developers and users in the self-determination of the devices they purchase. With some devices, the manufacturer's restrictions can be lifted by means of a so-called jailbreak (e.g. Apple iOS or Nintendo Wii). In most cases, security loopholes in the device are exploited to undermine the protective mechanisms of the operating system.
properties
Closed platforms can also be differentiated using properties such as B. the development model, cost model or the degree of openness or freedom that is granted when used at different levels. A closed platform can e.g. B. in the use by the end user, as a platform for software development or in the support of hardware through technical measures, the lack of open specifications or the need for licenses. For example, a scientific publication from 2008 found the classification and comparison of different operating systems as shown in the table :
| Aspects of the unity of platforms on different levels | Linux | Windows | macintosh | iOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| End User | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Application software development | Open | Open | Open | Limited |
| Hardware support | Open | Open | Limited | Limited |
| Platform development | Open | Limited | Limited | Limited |
See also
literature
- Luca Caracciolo: Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon: Why closed systems are the future. t3n , accessed on May 23, 2017 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker and Marshall Van Alstyne: Opening Platforms: How, When and Why? ( English ) In: Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Working Paper No. 09-030 . Harvard Business School . S. 2. October 16, 2008. doi : 10.2139 / ssrn.1264012 . Retrieved April 8, 2012.