Simultaneity factor
The diversity factor ( English diversity factor or simultaneity factor ) is used to estimate how much a system is typically utilized to size it appropriately. It is based on experience and decisions .
If, for example, the supply lines for water, electricity, gas and communication are designed for a new development area, then on the one hand the supply must be ensured at peak times and on the other hand no oversizing with higher manufacturing costs should take place. If all connections are used to 100% at the same time, then the value of the factor is 1. If only 10% of the capacity is used, this is 0.1.
Apartments
According to DIN 18015-1 Appendix A, a residential unit without electrical hot water preparation requires a power of approx. 15 kVA in Germany; according to the diagram, a power requirement of approx. 30 kVA is provided for three such apartments. The simultaneity factor g is approx. 0.67, as no arithmetic 45 kVA are assumed for 3 apartments. For ten residential units this results in approx. 55 instead of 150 kVA (g = 0.37). With 100 residential units, only approx. 110 kVA instead of 1500 kVA are to be provided, so that the simultaneity factor with g = 0.07 falls well below a tenth. In a double logarithmic representation, the underlying curve flattens out.
For residential units with electrical hot water preparation (e.g. with instantaneous water heater ), an output of approx. 34 kVA is assumed, but for 24 apartments only a total output of around 140 kVA instead of 816 kVA is planned. With this total output, the simultaneity factor is g = 0.18.
Electric car charging
If electric cars are charged at home or at work, this is estimated to take about 8 to 12 hours. The chargers installed in the various vehicles are very different. Some can only charge single-phase, whereby the current at Schuko sockets is limited to 13 A (approx. 2.99kW) for safety reasons. The charging current through the vehicle can also be limited, for example to 6 or 8 A (1,380 or 1,840W). On vehicles with three-phase chargers to 11 kW (3 x 16 A) become the standard, 22 kW (3 x 32 A) have only the Renault Zoe , the Smart Electric Drive as an option and older Tesla Model S . Due to the average daily mileage in Germany of approx. 40 km, only approx. 5 to 10 kWh need to be recharged. Depending on the charging capacity that is possible and set in the vehicle, this can take place over a period of a quarter of an hour to several hours. Due to the market development, experiences with the charging behavior of the drivers and the time overlaps are still being gathered.
In the “E-Mobility Allee” pilot project for charging electric cars, Netze BW made ten electric cars and the charging infrastructure available to half of the households on a street in Ostfildern . Contrary to the assumption that "all e-cars charge at the same time after work and thereby overload the network", a maximum of only five vehicles were charged at the same time (simultaneity factor 0.5) and only 0.1% of the time.
Another scenario is when electric cars are to be recharged as quickly as possible with an output of 30 to 200 kW, depending on the vehicle. Version V2 of the Tesla Supercharger network was designed so that two connections share the 145 kW power of a supercharger's rectifier. The Superchargers are reserved for Tesla vehicles. The full power is allocated to the first vehicle. The charging electronics can only use this for a short time, as the charging power is reduced to extend the life of the battery. The second vehicle receives the remaining available power. With charging station providers for all brands and vehicles, such as Ionity , it is more difficult to estimate the capacity utilization.
Further examples
- Erlang (unit) , a dimensionless auxiliary unit of measurement for the market value in a communication network
- in compressed air technology , f is a multiplier that adapts the theoretical total consumption of a number of consumers to the real conditions
- in electrical engineering, see power balance (power engineering) , standard load profile
- in the water supply.