Standard load profile
A standard load profile ( SLP ) is a representative load profile with the help of which the load profile of a market location is forecast and balanced (electricity or gas) without registering performance measurement .
The application of the standard load profiles represents a simplification. Not every market location classified as H0, i.e. household, will have a purchase profile corresponding to your standard load profile every day. Rather, it is assumed that the respective profile is accepted on average by the respective consumer group. The quality of a load forecast based on standard load profiles therefore depends on the accuracy of the above assumption. A larger group of delivery points assigned to a specific standard load profile improves the quality of the forecast compared to a smaller group.
Application of the standard load profiles
As a rule, standard load profiles are used for electricity and gas market locations with an expected annual consumption of less than 100,000 kWh of electricity or less than 1.5 million kWh of gas . In practice, the standard load profiles of the BDEW (up to 2007 VDEW ) are often used for this purpose , in which a distinction is made between customer groups with similar acceptance behavior.
Each distribution network operator (DSO) defines a standard load profile for all market locations to be balanced with standard load profiles in a balancing area . He makes this classification according to the type of market location. In addition, the DSO provides a forecast of the expected annual consumption of the market location. This forecast is usually the consumption of the previous annual reading. The DSO should have a self-interest in making this classification and forecast correctly, as it suffers economic disadvantages from large deviations in the profile from actual consumption.
With the knowledge of the standard load profile and annual consumption forecast, every supplier can determine the energy for a market location that the network operator balances and add it to his balancing group. A standard electricity load profile of the BDEW is standardized to approx. 1,000,000 kWh annual consumption (except for the profile sets for the TLP method [daily parameter-dependent load profile], which is standardized to an annual consumption of 1,000 kWh). In order to determine the load profile of a market location, the standard load profile is scaled with the forecast of the annual consumption. The DSO (synthesizer) balances exactly the same amounts of energy from the balancing group for this supplying supplier on the basis of the standard load profile. Deviations in the annual amount of energy, which are determined by a regular reading, are balanced out between the DSO and the supplier in the course of the excess and shortage billing.
The differences resulting from the application of the standard load profile method between the balanced and the actually measured amount of energy for every 1/4 hour in a balancing area must be compensated by the DSO by means of corresponding differential energy.
Standard load profiles (electricity) of the BDEW
| Profile type | description | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| G0 | Business in general | Weighted mean of profiles G1-G6 |
| G1 | Commercial workdays 8 am–6pm | z. B. offices, medical practices, workshops, administrative facilities |
| G2 | Business with high to predominant consumption in the evening hours | z. B. Sports clubs, fitness studios, evening restaurants |
| G3 | Continuous trade | z. B. cold stores, pumps, sewage treatment plants |
| G4 | Shop / hairdresser | |
| G5 | Bakery with a bakery | |
| G6 | Weekend operation | z. B. Cinemas |
| G7 | Cellular base station | continuous belt load profile |
| L0 | Farms in general | Weighted mean of profiles L1 and L2 |
| L1 | Farms with dairy farming / part-time animal breeding | |
| L2 | Other farms | |
| H0 | household |
Further standard load profiles defined by E-Control for Austria
In addition to the VDEW standard load profiles listed above, E-Control has specified the following standard load profiles for electricity (also for electricity feed-in) in Other Market Rules - Chapter 6 - Metered Values, Data Formats and Standardized Load Profiles .
| Profile type | description | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| B1 | public lighting | |
| E0 | Feed-in from hydropower, wind power and biogas plants | for feed-in <100,000 kWh or <50 kW connected load |
| E1 | Feed-in from photovoltaic systems | for feed-in <100,000 kWh or <50 kW connected load |
| ULA | Hot water storage tank without daytime recharging | for interruptible deliveries - all year round |
| ULB | Hot water storage tank with day recharge | for interruptible deliveries - all year round |
| ULC | Night storage heating without daytime recharging | for interruptible deliveries - transition period, winter |
| ULD | Night storage heating with daytime recharging | for interruptible deliveries - transition period, winter |
| ULE | Mixing system without daytime reloading | for interruptible deliveries - summer, transition period, winter |
| ULF | Mixing system with daytime recharging | for interruptible deliveries - summer, transition period, winter |
The standard load profiles currently used in Austria for forecasting and billing the electricity purchase of non-performance-measured customers were generated around 20 years ago on the basis of measurements by the VDEW in Germany and are therefore no longer suitable, both due to the different reference areas and the lack of adaptation to current developments. The planned widespread introduction of smart meters makes it possible to evaluate the smart meter data in order to evaluate the profiles used and, if necessary, to generate new profiles.
For this purpose, various methods were examined in terms of effort and benefit in a study by the Research Association for the Energy Industry on behalf of E-Control. The study was carried out on the basis of already available smart meter data, which were collected in households in three selected regions as part of smart meter pilot projects. When comparing the currently used standard load profile with real household consumption, there are deviations.
Standard load profiles for gas
As part of a dissertation from the Technical University of Munich, the use of load profiles based on a sigmoid function to simulate the purchase rate of small customers in the liberalized gas market was examined. Since 2005, a distinction has been made between 14 consumer load profiles, 11 for the commercial, retail and service sectors, two for household customers (differentiation between single and multi-family houses) and a cumulative load profile.
Problems with this procedure include:
- too low allocation at very cold temperatures
- base load too low
- Allocation too low in warm temperatures
- high deviation rate
- seasonal variation
As a result, the causes and possible further development measures to remedy these problems were examined as part of a status report. To remedy the identified weaknesses, a model approach to revise the profile functions by means of a partial linearization and the addition of date-dependent seasonal factors was recommended. The new SLP profile function consists of a combination of a sigmoid function and linear components and is called SigLinDe. This function also enables simple and transparent processing in the standard load profile procedure. The partial linearization reduces the under-allocation at very cold or warm temperatures and therefore adjusts the function more closely to the actual consumption value. The use of a seasonal correction factor is also recommended.
See also
- Load profile
- Registering performance measurement (RLM)
- Atypical network use
- Load forecast
Individual evidence
- ↑ Standard load profiles for electricity. In: bdew.de. Retrieved April 3, 2019 .
- ↑ Other market rules - Chapter 6 - Meter values, data formats and standardized load profiles - Version 3.3 e-control.at, accessed on March 22, 2013
- ↑ "Study by the Research Association for the Energy Industry" website of the Research Association for the Energy Industry. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
- ↑ Guidelines for handling standard gas load profiles from BDEW / VKU / GEODE
- ↑ "Status report of the standard load profiles" by the Research Association for the Energy Industry. Retrieved October 7, 2015
- ↑ "Study on the further development of the standard load profiles for gas" by the Research Association for the Energy Industry. Retrieved October 7, 2015
Web links
- Handling of standard load profiles (gas) (PDF; 4.9 MB)