Action and situation orientation

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

With action and exposure are personality traits in modern Volitionspsychologie called: A more action-oriented person to be identified in a position not to hold on after about a mishap in thought, but for example, their own mistakes and to risk new attempts. A more situation-oriented person, on the other hand, is so fixated on the situation that he does not see himself able to detach himself from his thoughts and feelings in order to tackle upcoming tasks. For example, he is much more likely than an action-oriented person to try to clarify a question of guilt and to blame himself or other people .

background

The psychology professor Julius Kuhl states that both action and situation orientation have their right to exist. As an example, he cites an aircraft crew consisting of a position-oriented copilot and an action-oriented pilot. The copilot has more capacity to watch out for possible dangers, while the pilot does not allow himself to be disturbed by every potential risk.

On the other hand, it becomes problematic if a person does not manage to switch from his situation orientation to action orientation when it is time to act. In addition, situation-oriented people often lose track of things under stress and tend to confuse other people's wishes and goals with their own.

The emergence of excessive situation orientation is attributed to early childhood: In the first few weeks of life, the mother must be in such close contact with her child that she can respond appropriately to the child's "self-expressions" in terms of time and content. If it does not do this, it turns out that the child already has difficulties regulating his emotions in kindergarten.

Application in sports psychology

In sports psychology , the terms action and situation orientation are used to describe the personality of athletes. There are sports that suit situation-oriented athletes (Beckmann & Kazén, 1994), so-called flow sports such as cycling, swimming, running and some athletics disciplines. Action-oriented athletes can be found in fast team sports such as handball, basketball, ice hockey and soccer, but also in karate and boxing.

Recovery and stress

Beckmann & Kellmann (2004) showed that action-oriented rowers can recover better through their self-regulation skills and therefore have better supercompensation. Heckhausen & Strang (1988) were able to show that position-oriented basketball players under pressure to succeed show an excessive energy consumption (measured via lactate values) while action-oriented basketball players show no change under the same condition. The problem here: the increased use of energy does not pay off - the thrown baskets were not higher in the situation-oriented players under pressure to succeed than without success pressure, while the action-oriented players achieved significantly better results. Using youth footballers, Raadts (2009) demonstrated that although action and situation orientation is a good predictor of relaxation and stress, it also showed that other personality variables are better suited to predicting relaxation and stress (which may be sport-specific). It could also be shown that an increased emotionally unstable personality expression causes problems, especially for action-oriented players, that can be traced back to the passing behavior.

Athletic success

Roth (1993) showed that action-oriented footballers work better under increased pressure to be quick, while position-oriented footballers make better decisions under increased precision pressure. Froese (2007) showed that situation-oriented youth footballers suddenly achieve highly significantly fewer scorer points after negative feedback on the break, while action-oriented players get better under the same condition. Raadts (2009) was able to differentiate this finding even further using a PC experiment: players with increased volition in cognitive tasks after fading in negative words of the power motive lose their access to the speed of action and thus lose scorer points, while players who do this in these tasks able to brake, understand how to exercise more control, also via parameters of the speed of action and with the result of a stabilization in the achievement of scorer points.

literature

  • Julius Kuhl: Motivation and Personality. Interactions of Mental Systems . Hogrefe, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-8017-1307-5 .
  • Julius Kuhl, Jürgen Beckmann: Volition and personality. Action versus state orientation . Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, Seattle 1994, ISBN 0-88937-029-X .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jürgen Beckmann, Michael Kellmann: Self-regulation and recovery. Approaching an understanding of the process of recovery from stress . In: Psychological Reports . tape 95 , no. 3 , December 1, 2004, ISSN  0033-2941 , p. 1135-1153 , doi : 10.2466 / pr0.95.3f.1135-1153 , PMID 15762394 .
  2. ↑ Heinz Heckhausen, Hanno Strang: Efficiency under record performance demands. Exertion control - an individual difference variable? In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 55 , no. 3 , September 1988, pp. 489-498 , PMID 3171919 .
  3. ↑ a b Stefan Raadts: Theory of the speed of action in the sports game football. 2009, urn : nbn: de: gbv: 700-201002185449 ( repositorium.uni-osnabrueck.de [PDF; 2.4 MB ] Dissertation. University of Osnabrück).
  4. ↑ K. Roth: Decision-making behavior in sports games depending on situation and person-related characteristics. In: Jürgen Beckmann, Hanno Strang, Erwin Hahn (eds.): Attention and energizing. Facets of concentration and performance. Hogrefe, Göttingen / Seattle 1993, ISBN 3-8017-0421-1 , pp. 155-175.
  5. ↑ G. Froese: Effects of feedback on the performance of action and situation-oriented young footballers (= doctoral dissertation, diploma thesis. Free University of Berlin). 2007.