United States budget

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Revenue and Expense to GDP Chart 1993 - 2012.png

The United States budget is a Congressional resolution that lists the estimated revenue and expenditure of the United States federal government for a fiscal year. The budget year starts on October 1st.

development

The procedure for establishing the budget was established in 1974 with the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act . The law requires the president to submit a budget proposal to Congress by the first Monday in February. This proposal contains a detailed list of all planned income and expenditure for the coming financial year by the President and his subordinate ministries and other authorities. Beyond the sheer numbers, the proposal also contains a large amount of additional information designed to aid the government's projections and wishes.

From the proposal, the budget committees of the Senate and the House of Representatives develop simultaneously, but separately, a template that also reflects the political priorities of the respective chamber. Traditionally, these drafts are presented to the senators and MPs for discussion and approval at the beginning of April.

Since there are two bills in existence at this point, which also differ in content, changes will be negotiated in a mediation committee of the two chambers. The outcome of these negotiations is usually adopted by both chambers without further discussion.

Legal spending authorizations

The budget itself is not a federal law , just a concurrent resolution ; In other words, it is not legally binding and will not be submitted to the President for signature. A part of the legally binding spending authorizations ( mandatory spending , literally: mandatory spending) is in permanent laws z. B. contained in the social programs of the federal government and therefore does not have to be approved every year. The budget contains estimates for these expenses.

The other expenditures ( discretionary spending , literally: discretionary expenditures) are approved by spending laws (appropriation bills), the content of which is based on the budget.

The terms duty and discretion should not be taken too literally. The compulsory expenditure can be changed or abolished by law. Conversely, discretionary spending may be practically inevitable. B. Military spending can be constitutionally approved for a maximum of two years.

structure

At the highest level, the budget is structured along 19 budget functions. The following table shows the estimated expenditure for each budget function in the financial year 2015 (October 1, 2014 - September 30, 2015):

function description Expenditure
(million $ )
050 defense 620,562
150 international affairs 48,472
250 General science, space and technology 28,718
270 energy 13,375
300 Natural resources and the environment 39.102
350 Agriculture 22,659
370 Trade and Construction Loans −82.283
400 traffic 95,519
450 Community and regional development 33,305
500 Education, work and social benefits 100,460
550 health 450,795
570 Medicare 519.027
600 Income protection 542.237
650 Social security (pension) 857.319
700 Veteran benefits 151.165
750 Judicial administration 53.102
800 General state administration 22,407
900 interest 223,450
920 Allowances 1,875
950 Compensation payments −90.740
Total: 3,650,526

Historical budget development

The following table shows the development of the annual expenditure and income of the federal government of the United States.

year Revenue
(millions $ ) 		Expenditure
(million $ ) 		Deficit / surplus
(million $ ) 		Deficit / surplus
(in% of GDP )
1789–1849 (total) 1,160 1,090 70
1850–1900 (total) 14,462 15,453 −991
1901 588 525 63
1902 562 485 77
1903 562 517 45
1904 541 584 −43
1905 544 567 −23
1906 595 570 25th
1907 666 579 87
1908 602 659 −57
1909 604 694 −89
1910 676 694 −18
1911 702 691 11
1912 693 690 3
1913 714 715 −1
1914 725 726 −1
1915 683 746 −63
1916 761 713 48
1917 1.101 1,954 −853
1918 3,645 12,677 −9.032
1919 5,130 18,493 −13,363
1920 6,649 6,358 291
1921 5,571 5,062 509
1922 4.026 3,289 736
1923 3,853 3,140 713
1924 3,871 2,908 963
1925 3,641 2,924 717
1926 3,795 2,930 865
1927 4.013 2,857 1,155
1928 3,900 2,961 939
1929 3,862 3.127 734
1930 4,058 3,320 738 0.8%
1931 3.116 3,577 −462 −0.5%
1932 1.924 4,659 −2,735 −4.0%
1933 1.997 4,598 −2,602 −4.5%
1934 2,955 6,541 −3,586 −5.8%
1935 3,609 6,412 −2,803 −4.0%
1936 3,923 8,228 −4,304 −5.4%
1937 5,387 7,580 −2,193 −2.5%
1938 6,751 6,840 −89 −0.1%
1939 6,295 9,141 −2,846 −3.1%
1940 6,548 9,468 −2,920 −3.0%
1941 8,712 13,653 −4,941 −4.3%
1942 14,634 35,137 −20.503 −13.9%
1943 24.001 78,555 −54,554 −29.6%
1944 43,747 91,304 −47,557 −22.2%
1945 45.159 92.712 −47,553 −21.0%
1946 39,296 55,232 −15,936 −7.0%
1947 38,514 34,496 4.018 1.7%
1948 41,560 29,764 11,796 4.5%
1949 39,415 38,835 580 0.2%
1950 39,443 42,562 −3,119 −1.1%
1951 51,616 45,514 6.102 1.9%
1952 66,167 67,686 −1,519 −0.4%
1953 69,608 76.101 −6,493 −1.7%
1954 69,701 70,855 −1.154 −0.3%
1955 65,451 68,444 −2,993 −0.7%
1956 74,587 70,640 3,947 0.9%
1957 79,990 76,578 3,412 0.7%
1958 79,636 82,405 −2,769 −0.6%
1959 79,249 92,098 −12,849 −2.5%
1960 92,492 92.191 301 0.1%
1961 94,388 97,723 −3,335 −0.6%
1962 99,676 106,821 −7,146 −1.2%
1963 106,560 111,316 −4,756 −0.8%
1964 112,613 118,528 −5,915 −0.9%
1965 116,817 118.228 −1.411 −0.2%
1966 130,835 134,532 −3,698 −0.5%
1967 148.822 157.464 −8,643 −1.0%
1968 152.973 178.134 −25.161 −2.8%
1969 186,882 183,640 3,242 0.3%
1970 192,807 195,649 −2,842 −0.3%
1971 187.139 210.172 −23.033 −2.1%
1972 207,309 230,681 −23.373 −1.9%
1973 230.799 245,707 −14,908 −1.1%
1974 263.224 269.359 −6,135 −0.4%
1975 279.090 332,332 −53,242 −3.3%
1976 298.060 371,792 −73.732 −3.1%
1977 355,559 409.218 −53,659 −2.6%
1978 399,561 458.746 −59.185 −2.6%
1979 463.302 504.028 −40.726 −1.6%
1980 517.112 590.941 −73.830 −2.6%
1981 599.272 678.241 −78,968 −2.5%
1982 617.766 745.743 −127,977 −3.9%
1983 600,562 808.364 −207,802 −5.9%
1984 666.438 851.805 −185.367 −4.7%
1985 734.037 946.344 −212.308 −5.0%
1986 769.155 990.382 −221.227 −4.9%
1987 854.287 1.004.017 −149.730 −3.1%
1988 909.238 1,064,416 −155.178 −3.0%
1989 991.104 1,143,743 −152,639 −2.7%
1990 1,031,958 1,252,993 −221.036 −3.7%
1991 1,054,988 1,324,226 −269.238 −4.4%
1992 1,091,208 1,381,529 −290.321 −4.5%
1993 1,154,334 1,409,386 −255.051 −3.8%
1994 1,258,566 1,461,752 −203.186 −2.8%
1995 1,351,790 1,515,742 −163,952 −2.2%
1996 1,453,053 1,560,484 −107.431 −1.3%
1997 1,579,232 1,601,116 −21,884 −0.3%
1998 1,721,728 1,652,458 69,270 0.8%
1999 1,827,452 1,701,842 125,610 1.3%
2000 2,025,191 1,788,950 236.241 2.3%
2001 1,991,082 1,862,846 128,236 1.2%
2002 1,853,136 2,010,894 −157,758 −1.5%
2003 1,782,314 2,159,899 −377.585 −3.3%
2004 1,880,114 2,292,841 −412.727 −3.4%
2005 2,153,611 2,471,957 −318.346 −2.5%
2006 2,406,869 2,655,050 −248.181 −1.8%
2007 2,567,985 2,728,686 −160,701 −1.1%
2008 2,523,991 2,982,544 −458.553 −3.1%
2009 2,104,989 3,517,677 −1,412,688 −9.8%
2010 2,162,706 3,457,079 −1.294.373 −8.7%
2011 2,303,466 3,603,065 −1,299,599 −8.5%
2012 2,449,990 3,536,945 −1,086,955 −6.8%
2013 2,775,106 3,454,648 −679,542 −4.1%
2014 3,021,491 3,506,091 −484,600 −2.8%
2015 3,249,887 3,688,383 −438.496 −2.4%
2016 3,267,961 3,852,612 −584.651 −3.2%
2017 3,316,182 3,981,554 −665.372 −3.5%

swell

  1. ↑ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2015-BUD/pdf/BUDGET-2015-BUD.pdf#page=174. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .
  2. ^ Contents of the Historical Tables. Retrieved January 4, 2019 .

Web links

Bibliography

  • Christoph M. Haas, Budget and Budgetary Procedure, in Wolfgang Jäger / Christoph M. Haas / Wolfgang Welz (eds.), Government System of the USA: Lehr- und Handbuch, 3rd edition, Munich / Vienna 2007, pp. 205–227, ISBN 978-3-486-58438-7 .
  • Leon Panetta, The Politics of the Federal Budget Process, in: James A. Thurber (Ed.), Rivals for Power. Presidential-Congressional Relations, 3rd ed., Lanham 2006, pp. 185-206.