Ibaliidae
| Ibaliidae | ||||||||||||
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Ibalia aprilina |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Ibaliidae | ||||||||||||
| Thomson , 1862 |
The Ibaliidae are a small family of hymenoptera. They are classified into the gall wasp-like (Cynipoidea) within the Legims . About twenty species in three genera have been described worldwide.
features
They are relatively elongated, medium-sized animals with a body length of 10 to about 30 millimeters, with the females being larger than the males. The body length within a species is always noticeably variable and strongly dependent on the developmental conditions. Most of the species are drawn with a lot of contrast, black is combined with red or yellow tints, and the wings sometimes have spots or bands. In terms of body shape, a relatively compact and tall, heavily sclerotized and sculptured mesosoma (trunk region) in connection with an extremely narrow abdomen when viewed from the side is elongated and oval. This shape of the abdomen is often described as "knife-shaped". The female's long ovipositor is hidden in the abdomen when at rest. Here it forms a complete loop and is enclosed in a membrane bag with attached muscles. During the laying process, this covering is pulled together, whereby the tip of the laying drill protrudes at the front. Long, thread-like antennae are located on the head and have 15 segments in the male and 13 in the female. In the male, the third antenna segment is elongated and bent in a conspicuously asymmetrical manner; it carries glandular fields that are important when mating. A transverse, raised edge on the pronotum is always characteristic and striking . They have this structure in common with the Liopteridae family , from which they can be distinguished by the sculpture on the pronotum sides (with deep dimples in Liopteridae). In addition, the pronotum keel in the Ibaliidae has a characteristic depression in the center line. On the hind legs, the thighs ( femora ) are noticeably shortened and no longer than the hips ( coxes ). The first tarsal link of the hind feet ( tarsi ) is noticeably elongated and twice as long as the other four combined. The wing veining corresponds to the usual pattern of gall wasp-like, whereby the triangular edge cell in the Ibaliidae is remarkably elongated. On the abdomen, the last segment is usually the longest.
Way of life
The larvae of all Ibaliidae are parasitoids of larvae of the wood wasps (Siricidae). The female digs into the egg hidden deep in the wood or the first larval stage of its host with its ovipositor and lays its own egg in it. The host is localized by chemical means, the parasitoid z. B. the symbiotic fungus that the wood wasp deposits in the wood with its egg, recognizes by its smell. The bore follows the bore of the female wood wasp. The egg has a characteristic stalk, which is typical for all gall wasps. This region of the stalk serves as an alternative quarter for the egg mass when the egg is squeezed and stretched as it passes through the narrow ovipositor.
The larva feeds within its living and growing host (koinobiont parasitoid). The first larva has a striking shape with a tail thread and thread-like side appendages on the first to twelfth segment. This larval form has been described as "polypodiform". The threads decrease in length in the growing larvae and are lost by the fourth larval stage. The fourth instar larva leaves the dying host. It has noticeably large mandibles , but seems to be no longer eating. It pupates deep in the wood in its host's feeding tunnel and does not create a web for it. The hatched imago must finally gnaw its way through the wood to the surface. It has particularly strong, toothed mandibles for this. The development from oviposition to hatching takes between one and three years, depending on the conditions. It is unclear whether the imago ingests food.
Systematics
Within the Cynipoidea, the Ibaliidae are considered a morphologically original family. There is still no agreement about their exact position within the superfamily. Either they form their own line of development, which branches off from the common trunk after the Austrocynipidae and would be a sister group of the other gall wasps, or they form a common family group with the Liopteridae.
The family is divided into three living (recent) genera:
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Ibalia , with two subgenera
- Subgenus Ibalia s. st. Parasitoids of wood wasp larvae in conifers
- Subgenus Tremibalia . Parasitoids of wood wasp larvae in hardwoods
- Heteribalia
- Eileenella with only one species ( Eileenella catherinae ).
distribution
The genus Ibalia is distributed over the entire northern hemisphere ( Holarctic ). It penetrates far south in East Asia and reaches the tropics with one species ( Ibalia calimantanica ) on Borneo . The genus Heteribalia lives in temperate East Asia. Eileenella catherinae is only known from New Guinea .
There are three species in Europe, all of which also reach Central Europe:
- Ibalia leucospoides
- Ibalia rufipes , subspecies drewseni
- Ibalia Yakovlevi .
All species are considered rare to very rare in Central Europe.
Economic importance
Ibaliidae are antagonists of wood wasp larvae, which z. T. cause economic damage to forest trees and timber, and are therefore considered beneficial insects . Significant is especially the kind Ibalia leucospoides as predatory parasite of Blue Spruce wasp ( Sirex Noctilio ) and the giant wood wasp ( Urocerus gigas ). The species was artificially introduced and settled in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, South Africa and South America for biological pest control, where introduced blue spruce wasps have caused severe economic damage in pine forests that goes far beyond that in the home of origin. The first releases in Tasmania and New Zealand took place in the 1950s. The settlement is considered successful, it contributes to the control of the wood wasp species today. However, it was not decisive in economic terms, this was only achieved later with the settlement of a parasitic nematode .
swell
- Göran Nordlander, Zhiwei Liu, Fredrik Ronquist (1996): Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cynipoid wasp family Ibaliidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 21 (2): 151-166.
- Frederick Ronquist (1995): Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 20: 309-335. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3113.1995.tb00099.x
- Fredrik Ronquist (1999): Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta 28: 139-164. doi : 10.1046 / j.1463-6409.1999.00022.x
- Fredrik Ronquist & Göran Nordlander (1989): Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 33.
- Zhiwei Liu, Michael S. Engel, David A. Grimaldi (2007): Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). American Museum Novitates 3583, 1-48.
Individual evidence
- ↑ JP Spradberry The response of Ibalia (Hymenoptera, Ibaliidae) to the fungal symbionts of siricid woodwasp hosts. Journal of Entomology 48 (2): 217-222.
- ^ Andres Martinez, Valeria Fernandez-Arhex, Juan C. Corley (2006): Chemical information from the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and host-foraging behavior in the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides. Physiological Entomology 31 (4): 336-340 doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3032.2006.00523.x
- ↑ Kamil Holy (2008): Faunistic records from the Czech Republic (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Ibaliidae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 93: 93-96.
- ↑ Michael Madl (1989): On the knowledge of the Ibaliidae Austria. Reports of the natural science-medical association Innsbruck 79: 197-198.
- ↑ Michael Madl (2004): First record of Ibalia (Tremibalia) jakowlewi JACOBSON, 1899, for Austria. (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Ibaliidae). Contributions to entomofaunistics 5: 125.
- ^ KL Taylor (1976): The introduction and establishment of insect parasitoids to control Sirex noctilio in Australia. Entomophaga 21 (4): 429-440.
- ^ R. Zondag (1959): Progress report on the establishment in New Zealand of Ibalia leucospoides, a parasite of Sirex noctilio. New Zealand forestry research notes 20: 1-10.
- ↑ Brett P. Hurley, Bernard Slippers, Michael J. Wingfield (2007): A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 9: 159-171. doi : 10.1111 / j.1461-9563.2007.00340.x
