Ismaridae

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Ismaridae
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Waist Wasps (Apocrita)
Proctotrupomorpha
Superfamily : Diaprioidea
Family : Ismaridae
Scientific name
Ismaridae
Thomson , 1858

The Ismaridae are a family of hymenoptera . As far as their biology is known, all species are parasitoids of cicada wasps (family Dryinidae). Since the cicada wasps themselves are parasitoids (of cicadas ), this makes them obligatory hyperparasites .

features

They are very small wasps with a body length of between two and just under 4 millimeters with mostly smooth, polished cuticles and a relatively compact body. Most of the species are black in color, a few also show brown to yellow-brown coloring; Legs and antennae are often partially colored yellow. The head, which is transverse when viewed from above, has two-pointed (bidentate) mandibles, the labial palps are three-parted, the maxillary palps four- or five- parted . The thread-like antennae have 14 segments in the female and 15 segments in the male. The first antenna segment, the scapus, is longer than the others, but not much elongated, about two and a half times as long as it is wide. The fourth antenna segment of the males only (rarely also the third) is modified and has special, species-specific structures. The antennae insert relatively deep, close to the clypeus , their point of deflection is demarcated downwards by a transverse keel. In contrast to most Diapriidae, the antennae do not sit on a raised antenna base.

The pronotum has long hair on the trunk section (mesosoma). The notauli, longitudinally oriented furrows that occur in most related groups, are reduced to two small dimples. The scutellum is raised at the end, the tip is usually rounded, in many American species it is truncated at the end. The propodeum has both longitudinal and transverse keels. The front splints (tibia) on the legs are particularly noteworthy: in addition to the normal spur, these have a second, mostly pale, "false" spur (transformed bristle or seta). The forewings have a closed radial cell (that is, bounded on all sides by veins), one wing mark (pterostigma) is missing. The hind wings do not have a closed basal cell.

The free abdomen (metasoma or gaster) begins with a short stalk member (petiolus). In the following segments the tergites are often fused and form a hard sclerotized structure known as the carapace. Depending on the type, seams can still be seen between them or they are completely fused. The abdomen of the females is often slightly curved in the abdomen towards the tip, the ovipositor is hidden and not clearly visible.

Biology and way of life

The biology of most species is unknown, but it can be assumed that as with all related groups, all species are parasitoids. In the species for which a host relationship could be determined, the hosts were cicadas of the genera Anteon and Aphelophus .

distribution

The family is widespread almost all over the world, but is considered rare everywhere, but is little researched because of its lack of economic importance. The majority of the evidence comes from the Palearctic and Nearctic , but this is probably mainly due to the recording. Finds also exist from South America, from tropical Asia and Africa, and Australia. Four species are common in temperate Europe: Ismarus dorsiger , Ismarus rugulosus , Ismarus flavicornis , Ismarus halidayi . So far, only Ismarus dorsiger has been identified from Spain .

Phylogeny and Taxonomy

The group comprises only two genera:

There is still no agreement on the rank and position of the group within the hymenoptera. It is traditionally understood as the subfamily Ismarinae within the family Diapriidae , this classification is still maintained by many taxonomists today. However, the genus Ismarus (tested alone ) usually behaves differently in molecular relationship analyzes (based on homologous DNA sequences), so that the monophyly of the Diapriidae family is questionable. (but not in all :). That is why they were used by Sharkey et al. Elevated to family rank in 2012.

The close relationship with the Diapriidae, and the inclusion in the superfamily Diaprioidea, is considered to be quite well secured, deviating placements have not been suggested so far.

swell

  • Lubomir Masner: Superfamily Proctotrupoidea. In: Henry Goulet, John T. Huber (Ed.): Hymenoptera of the world, an identification key to families. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. IV Series: Publication. 1993. ISBN 0-660-14933-8
  • Lubomir Masner (1976): A revision of the Ismarinae of the New World (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea, Diapriidae). Canadian Entomologist 108: 1243-1266.
  • Jing-xian Liu, Hua-yan Chen, Zai-fu Xu (2011): Notes on the genus Ismarus Haliday (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae) from China. ZooKeys 108: 49-60. doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.108.768 (open access)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ GEJ Nixon (1957): Hymenoptera Proctotrupoidea, Diapriidae subfamily Belytinae. Handbook for the Identification of British Insects Vol 8, Part 3. editor: Royal Entomological Society of London. download
  2. ^ KJ Hedqvist (2007): A provincial catalog of Swedish Proctotrupoidea. Entomologisk Tidskrift 128 (3): 113-126.
  3. ↑ Daniel Ventura, Alex Algarra, Palmira Ros, Carme Segude, Juli Pujade (1997): Presencia de la subfamilia Ismarinae (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea: Diapriidae) en la Península Ibérica. Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología 21 (1-2): 105-106.
  4. ↑ Alexandre P. Aguiar et al. (2013): Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor): Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703, 1-82.
  5. ↑ JB Szabo (1974): New species and genera of the Diapriidae from Mongolia (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 66: 353-358.
  6. ^ Norman F. Johnson (1992): Catalog of the world species of Proctotrupoidea, exclusive of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute No. 51. p.259
  7. ^ The Diapriidae, by Matt Yoder: www.diapriid.org
  8. ↑ Michael J. Sharkey (2007): Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa 1668: 521-548.
  9. ↑ John Heraty, Fredrik Ronquist, James M. Carpenter, David Hawks, Susanne Schulmeister, Ashley P. Dowling, Debra Murray, James Munro, Ward C. Wheeler, Nathan Schiff, Michael Sharkey: Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Volume 60, 2011, pp. 73-88. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.04.003
  10. ↑ Ansel Payne, Phillip M. Barden, Ward C. Wheeler, James M. Carpenter (2013): Direct Optimization, Sensitivity Analysis, and the Evolution of the Hymenopteran Superfamilies. American Museum Novitates Number 3789: 1-20. doi : 10.1206 / 3789.1
  11. ↑ Seraina Klopfstein, Lars Vilhelmsen, John M. Heraty, Michael Sharkey, Fredrik Ronquist: The Hymenopteran tree of life: Evidence from protein-coding genes and objectively aligned ribosomal data. In: PLoS ONE Volume 8, No. 8, 2013, p. E69344. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0069344
  12. ↑ Michael J. Sharkey, James M. Carpenter, Lars Vilhelmsen, John Heraty, Johan Liljeblad, Ashley PG Dowling, Susanne Schulmeister, Debra Murray, Andrew R. Deans, Fredrik Ronquist, Lars Krogmann, Ward C. Wheeler (2012): Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 28: 80-112. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x

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