Herborn Jewish community
The Jewish community of Herborn was the Jewish community in Herborn , a town in the Lahn-Dill district in Hesse .
middle Ages
In the late Middle Ages there was a Jewish community in Herborn, but only occasional information has been passed on about it. A synagogue ( Jewish school ) is mentioned in 1377 and 1398 . The community was later evicted, so that there was no Jewish community in Herborn for centuries.
Modern times
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Due to the anti-Jewish religious policy in the strictly reformed county of Nassau-Dillenburg , to which Herborn belonged, the arrival of Jews again came relatively late. In 1646 a Jew who moved from abroad was again given permission to settle in Herborn. Some more followed him. Between 1680 and 1840, however, the community never had more than eight households. The small number can, however, also come about because the families organized themselves into large families, since the special tax for Jews only ever had to be paid by the head of the family. Around 1677, the southern half of the Kornmarkt 22 building came into Jewish ownership and was used by the Jewish community: there was a synagogue , classrooms for the Jewish community and a mikveh . The community also had a cemetery .
| year | Jewish residents | Share in the total population | annotation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1807 | 28 | ||
| 1842 | 27 | ||
| 1871 | 48 | 1.9% | |
| 1875 | 87 | ||
| 1885 | 67 | 2.2% | |
| 1889 | 52 | In 11 households | |
| 1905 | 70 | 1.6% | |
| 1924 | 124 | 2.2% | 11 children took part in religious education. |
| 1932 | 6 children took part in religious education. | ||
| 1933 | 91 | 1.5% | |
| 1939 | 45 | 0.7% |
The congregation had employed a teacher who was both a prayer leader and a schochet . In 1875 she moved her church service room into a larger building. The community belonged to the district rabbinate Weilburg (later: Bad Ems and Weilburg). After the First World War , most of the Jewish families lived in simple circumstances and operated small businesses. There was an Israelite women's association . The construction of a new synagogue was planned, but could not be started before 1933 and was then hopeless.
Tyranny and the Holocaust
After 1933 some of the Jewish community members moved away or emigrated due to the economic boycott organized by the National Socialists , the increasing disenfranchisement and reprisals. In the November pogrom of 1938 , the synagogue was devastated, several members of the community were attacked in their homes, taken to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , and the furnishings were destroyed. The last 14 Jewish residents of Herborn were deported on August 28, 1942 via Frankfurt am Main to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, but also directly to extermination camps.
Commemoration
In November 2013, a memorial with the names of 63 murdered Herborn residents, classified by the National Socialists as "Jewish", was inaugurated on Eiserner Steg in Herborn.
literature
- Thea Altaras: Synagogues and ritual immersion baths in Hesse - What has happened since 1945? 2nd Edition. Koenigstein i. Ts. 2007. ISBN 978-3-7845-7794-4 , especially pp. 215-217.
- Working group for research into the history of Jews in southern Germany and the neighboring region: Alemannia Judaica. Herborn (Lahn-Dill district) .
- Paul Arnsberg: The Jewish communities in Hesse. Beginning - fall - new beginning . Vol. 1. 1971, pp. 352-353.
- Ursula Krause-Schmitt: Local history guide to sites of resistance and persecution 1933-1945 . Vol. 1/2. Hessen II: District of Giessen and Kassel. Frankfurt 1996, p. 114.
- Christian Röder: Herborn was also a crime scene. Inauguration of the memorial on the Eiserner Steg commemorates murdered Jews . In: Herborner Tagblatt u. a. (Mittelhessen.de) v. November 8, 2013.