Calendar of Tupyakov
The calendar of Tupjakow is a system based on 14 possible years calendar system of a perpetual calendar .
Emergence
Adolf Weniaminowitsch Butkewitsch published a calendar system in 1969, which the Leningrad SP Tupjakow is said to have developed in 1962 for the multiple use of calendars and the associated cost reduction. At that time, Tupyakov assumed that 20 million calendars were produced annually in the Soviet Union and proposed that in future only one table be published for the day of the week of January 1 of all years in conjunction with the 14 possible annual calendars.
Basics
According to the rules of the Gregorian calendar , the leap days are exactly repeated over a period of 400 years. Thus the days of the week return with the day and month count. It is on this fact that Tupyakov's system is based.
A year can start with all 7 days of the week. These 7 possibilities are doubled again for leap years , in which all days after February 28 are shifted back one day of the week. This finally results in 14 annual calendars (basic calendar without movable holidays), which are repeated according to the Gregorian system.
Originally he designed a table system with the help of which one could determine the weekday of January 1st of the desired year. This weekday number (1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, ...) is the same as the number of the respective annual calendar for common years . For leap years you had to add the number 7 to the weekday number of January 1st, so that the number of the annual calendar resulted. Since the Gregorian calendar was only introduced in Russia on February 14, 1918, both the year old (Julian) and the new (Gregorian) styles had to be read from the table for the past.
application
The complicated system for the Julian calendar should not be mentioned here. Instead, the following shows a variant that was slightly modified by Butkewitsch, but is very easy to use in practice and that only takes the Gregorian system into account.
The years in the year table correspond to the 400-year repetition cycle of the Gregorian calendar. The annual calendar can be clearly determined by dividing the year by 400. For the years before 1583, the table has only proleptic value, since the Gregorian calendar was only introduced on October 15, 1582. For 1582 the monthly calendars of half October, November and December already represent the correct Gregorian date. 1583 was the first full year according to the Gregorian system.
To search in the table of years, divide the year by 400. The remainder refers to one of the four tables 0… 99 , 100… 199 , 200… 299 or 300… 399 . For easy handling - so that the division does not have to be carried out - the hundreds of years from 1200 to 2300 are also recorded in the head of the table. In the line with the tens of years of the desired year you will find the number K of the corresponding annual calendar.
You can also go the other way around and pick out the two possible annual calendars in which a specific date falls on a specific weekday. With this annual calendar number you can then find the valid year numbers in the table.
example
We are looking for the weekday April 1st, 2009:
So table 0… 99 is to be used. In the line with the year number 09 , column K contains the calendar number 4 (which is equivalent to January 1st = 4 like Thursday). Calendar 4 is therefore valid for 2009. There you will find Wednesday as the weekday for April 1st .
Number of weeks per year
The number of calendar weeks per year varies; a calendar year can have 52 or 53 calendar weeks. The ISO 8601 , after which invariably directed the German calendar, specifies that Monday, the first calendar day of the week. It also stipulates that the first calendar week of a year is the one that includes the first Thursday of the year, and that the last calendar week of a calendar year is the one that is followed by the first calendar week of the next calendar year.
It follows that according to the relationship
a year, if it starts with a Thursday, always includes 53 weeks. If a leap year starts on a Wednesday, it also includes 53 weeks. In all other cases, a year can only have 52 weeks. So there are 53 calendar weeks only in the years with the annual calendars 4 , 10 and 11 .
criticism
The idea, born out of the scarcity economy of the former Soviet Union, was not practicable when it was first created and was never introduced. Because a calendar in which you enter appointments, etc., cannot be reused. One could only use this system for overview calendars. In the western industrialized countries, the calendar has always been a cheap commodity that is replaced by a new one at the end of the year.
Nevertheless, the system has a not inconsiderable benefit because, compared to other "perpetual calendars" with complicated tables, it is a very simple way of immediately having the entire annual calendar available for any year. The annual calendar can be selected from the year table within seconds.
Due to the custom of determining the dates of processes or services that run periodically every 14 days using the calendar week - e.g. B. "Wednesdays in the odd calendar week" - the fortnightly schedule may get mixed up if two odd calendar weeks meet. This always happens when the 53rd week is followed by the 1st week of the new year at the end of the year. The years in question can easily be determined using the Tupyakov year table.
In addition, due to the fact that only 14 possible annual calendars are repeated at certain time intervals, there is the attractive possibility of being able to use selected picture calendars, which one has particularly liked, several times.
Individual evidence
- ↑ For example, the distribution of the Easter dates only repeats itself every 5,700,000 years
- ↑ Since in the Gregorian calendar only the centuries divisible by 400 are leap years, the repetition cycle is 400 years and not - as in the Julian calendar - 28 years.
- ↑ ISO 8601: 2004 (E): Data elements and interchange formats. Information interchange. Representation of dates and times. Sect. 2.2.8 "calendar week" and 3.2.2 "The week calendar"
literature
- Adolf Weniaminowitsch Butkewitsch; Moisei Samoilowitsch Selikson: Perpetual Calendar. (Small natural science library, vol. 23), BG Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1989, pp. 49–51 u. 109-112, ISBN 3-322-00393-0
- Адольф Вениаминович Буткевич; Моисей Самойлович Зеликсон: Вечные календари. Наука, Москва 1969
