Kiranti languages
The Kiranti languages form a sub-unit of the Mahakiranti languages , which belong to the Tibetan Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The 30 or so Kiranti languages are spoken by 600,000 people in Nepal south of Mount Everest ; there are also several thousand speakers in Bhutan and Northeast India . The largest single language is the Limbu with 350,000 speakers. The Kiranti is divided into Limbu, Ostkiranti, Central Kiranti and Westkiranti. A common proto -language , the Proto-Kiranti, has been reconstructed for the Kiranti languages . Within the Mahakiranti, the Kiranti is related to the Newari-Thangmi and the Magar-Chepang .
Kiranti within Sino Tibetan
-
Sinotibian
-
Tibeto Burmese
-
Mahakiranti
- Kiranti
- Newari thangmi
- Magar-Chepang
-
Mahakiranti
-
Tibeto Burmese
Internal classification and number of speakers
-
Kiranti
- Limbu (Yakthungba) (350 thousand) Dialects: East: Panchthare, Tamarkhole; West: Phedappe, Chattare
-
East Kiranti
- Lohorung-Yamphu: Lohorung (Lohorong) (15 thousand), Yamphu (5 thousand), Mewahang (Meohang) (5 thousand)
- Yakkha: Yakkha (15 thousand), Lumba (1 thousand), Dungmali (5 thousand), Phangduwali almost †
- Athpare: Athpare (Athpariya) (1 thousand), Chiling (Chulung) (1 thousand), Belhare (Belhariya) (1 thousand), Chintang (5–6 thousand)
-
Central Kiranti
- North
- Kulung (15 thousand) Dialects: Kulung, Sottoring, Chukwa
- Nachiring (2 thousand), Sampang (5 thousand), Sam (Saam) almost †, Koi (Kohi) (2.5 thousand), Chukwa (100)
- south
- Chamling (Camling, Rodong) (15 thousand), Puma (4–10 thousand)
- Bantawa (35,000) dialects: Dilpali, Hangkhim, Rungchengbum, Dhankuta, West Bantawa, Amchoke, Yangma
- North
-
Westkiranti
- Thulung-Khaling: Thulung (25 thousand), Khaling (15 thousand), Dumi (2 thousand)
- Umbule-Jerung: Umbule (Ombule) (5 thousand) Dialects: Hilepani, Umbu, Udaypure, Jhappali
Jerung (Jero) (2 thousand), Tilung (300) - Hayu-Baying: Bahing (10 thousand), Sunwar (30 thousand), Hayu (Vayu, Wayu) (1.7 thousand)
- Diamond (Harka Gurung, Khamchi) (500)
Classification according to van Driem 2001, number of speakers according to Ethnologue 2005.
literature
Kiranti languages
- Karen H. Ebert: A grammar of Athpare. Munich: Lincom Europe 1997.
- Karen H. Ebert: Kiranti Languages: an Overview. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003.
- Karen H. Ebert: Camling. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003.
- Boyd Michailovsky: Hayu. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003.
- Balthasar Bickel: Belhare. In: Thurgood - LaPolla 2003.
- Balthasar Bickel: Hidden Syntax in Belhare. In: Saxena 2004.
- Balthasar Bickel, G. Banjade, M. Gaenszle, E. Lieven, NP Paudyal, & I. Purna Rai et al .: Free prefix ordering in Chintang. In: Language 83 (1), 2007, pages 43-73
- NP Sharma, B. Bickel, M. Gaenszle, A. Rai, VS Rai: Personal and possessive pronouns in Puma (Southern Kiranti). In: Yogendra P. Yadava (ed.): Contemporary issues in Nepalese linguistics. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal, 2005. (PDF; 121 kB)
Tibeto Burmese
- Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill, Leiden - Boston - Cologne 2002.
- Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus. Cambridge University Press 1972.
- Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages. In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages. Oxford University Press 1990.
- Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. Mouton, Berlin - New York - Amsterdam 1982.
- James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. University of California Press 2003.
- Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin - New York 2004.
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- George van Driem: Languages of the Himalayas. Brill, Leiden 2001.
Web links
- Kiranti Languages in Ethnologue
- Chintang and Puma Documentation Project (Documentation of two threatened Kiranti languages, English)
- Audio documents in various Kiranti languages (page in French, interlinear translation of the texts in English)
- Language Map of Eastern Nepal (Ethnologue)