Climatop
The climatop ( Gr. Klima "inclination, weather" and τόπος tópos "place") describes in landscape ecology an area (a section of the earth's surface) with uniform terrain climatic properties, as part of a geotope (according to the earlier Russian nomenclature: a geozoenosis) or ecotops . Although the term can be applied to local climatic units of any character and any location, the term is particularly common in urban climate research and planning, where it forms the basis for creating so-called regional climate function maps and for modeling air quality .
The term is used in English-language publications as climatope , this use being derived from the German term. Other terms for the same thing are, for example, local climate zone or atmospheric response unit . The size of climatopes is usually in the square kilometer range. The term is not common for even smaller, microclimatically defined rooms (for example the interior climate of a wood).
Factors
When delimiting climatopes, the regional climate (macro- and more spacious mesoclimate) does not play a role, because this can always be assumed to be uniform within the relatively small areas considered here. For the definition of a specific climatope, the regional climate is of course very important as a superordinate factor, for example the location in an arid or humid climate zone. The defining factors for climatopes within these uniform spaces are, on the one hand, exposure and the shape of the terrain ( topology ), which, for example, have an effect on wind conditions and air exchange or can have a shading effect, and on the other hand, the local vegetation , particularly in terms of its effect on evaporation ( Transpiration ) of water, which influences air humidity and local temperature. Since both factors, especially in urban areas, are primarily shaped by land use , climatopes are usually mainly areas with uniform land use.
Definition of climatopes
Climatopes can be individually defined and delimited. For planning and application, however, it is common to use types with a standardized definition. There are various lists of climatopes in use, in particular the VDI guideline 3787 and the somewhat simplified lists derived from it are widespread
- Outdoor climate top: wind-open, undisturbed, strongly pronounced daily cycle of temperature and humidity, strong fresh / cold air production.
- Water climatop: wind open, has a balancing effect on temperature extremes, high humidity.
- Forest climatop: low wind speed, low daily cycle for temperature and humidity. Formation area for cold air, which, with a suitable topography, can have a balancing effect on the climate of densely built-up areas. Filter function for air pollutants, especially aerosol particles (dust).
- Green space or park climate top: similar to the open air climate, but due to the mostly small area, only a small long-distance effect.
- Garden city or village climatop: Areas with open development and a low degree of sealing, transition between open-air and urban climatopes.
- Suburban climate top: characterized by denser development, lower wind speed and humidity, stronger diurnal temperature variation.
- City center or inner city climate top: low, but locally increased wind speed due to the effect of nozzles (gusts), strong local overheating due to low evaporation and the high heat storage capacity of the building (“urban heat island).” High air pollution from local emissions.
- Commercial / industrial climate top: Areas with increased pollution and waste heat. Sealing of surfaces leads to heating, the wind field is changed, the exchange is reduced, sometimes a stressful microclimate .
So-called air ducts are important for the connection between neighboring climates. This means open areas with little roughness that facilitate the exchange of air between neighboring regions. Air ducts can be open air or water areas, but also technical areas such as railway areas. Cold air can flow down the slope via air ducts in the slope area and thus relieve neighboring, thermally stressed rooms, but also accumulate in hollows or depressions with an increased risk of late frost. Mostly, air ducts are mapped out in addition to the climatopes.
literature
- H. Readers: Landscape Ecology. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8252-0521-5 , pp. 145, 148.
- Edward Ng, Chao Ren: The Urban Climatic Map: A Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning. Routledge (Taylor & Francis), London 2015, ISBN 978-1-317-51052-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Uta Steinhardt, Oswald Blumenstein, Heiner Barsch: Textbook of Landscape Ecology. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-2397-9 , p. 156.
- ↑ John Blydenstein: The Russian School of Phytocenology. In: Ecology. 42 (3), 1961, pp. 575-577.
- ^ Chao Ren, Edward Yan-yung Ng, Lutz Katzschner: Urban climatic map studies: a review. In: International Journal of Climatology. 31 (15), 2010, pp. 2213-2370. doi: 10.1002 / joc.2237
- ^ ID Stewart, TR Oke: Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. December 2012, pp. 1880-1900. (on-line)
- ↑ a b D. Scherer, U. Fehrenbach, H.-D. Beha, E. Parlow: Improved concepts and methods in analysis and evaluation of the urban climate for optimizing urban planning processes. In: Atmospheric Environment. 33, 1999, pp. 4185-4193.
- ^ VDI Association of German Engineers (publisher): VDI guideline: VDI 3787 sheet 1 Environmental meteorology - climate and air hygiene maps for cities and regions. In: VDI / DIN manual for keeping the air clean, volume 1b environmental meteorology. September 2015.
- ↑ Gießen Regional Council (coordination and publication): Model-based climate analyzes and assessments for regional planning, basis for a guide. Project report KLAMIS - Climate Adaptation in Central and South Hesse. May 2013.
- ↑ Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure Baden-Württemberg (ed.): Urban development climate guide, information for building land use planning. edited by Ulrich Reuter and Rainer Kapp. 2nd, revised edition. 2012.