Landscape ecology

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Landscape Ecology studied ecological relationships in their spatial characteristics, wherein one according to the underlying concept of landscape and the examined causal effect structure, which is referred to in some directions than the natural environment, is interpreted as an objectively given spatially-functional wholeness or methodological construction. Thus landscape ecology is the science of landscape diversity as a result of the interaction between biodiversity and geodiversity .

Term / definition

The definition of "landscape ecology" or what should be called landscape ecology has been the subject of controversial debate for many years. A distinction is often made between a North American and a continental European tradition: In the North American tradition , landscape ecology is often defined as that subdiscipline of ecology (and thus biology ) that deals with the interactions between spatial patterns and ecological processes - without being limited to a specific scale ( pattern and process ). In the continental European tradition, on the other hand, landscape ecology is often understood as that subdiscipline of geography which, within the framework of a synthetic, integrative, holistic approach within a given, large-scale section of the earth's surface , a landscape, the spatial, temporal and functional structure of effects between the organisms living there and examines their environment , with humans being viewed as part of the landscape.

A more differentiated analysis shows that seven types of definition of "landscape ecology" can be distinguished, which result primarily from the fact that "landscape" and "ecology" mean different things. While definitions 1, 2 and 6 define landscape ecology as an interdisciplinary science , according to definitions 3, 4, 5 and 7 it is the subdiscipline of natural science ecology that emphasizes what can be called topology: organisms and their environmental relationships are thereupon examines the relationships between spatiotemporal patterns and ecological processes ( pattern and process ).

  1. Ecosystem theoretical analysis of natural physiognomic landscape individuals (e.g. Carl Troll ): Landscapes are considered natural spatial individuals that - that is the task of landscape morphology - are determined on the basis of visual characteristics. Landscape ecology subjects these landscape units to a functional, ecosystem theoretical analysis in which the mutual, organic dependencies between their components are worked out. The aim is to show that the design unity of landscapes is not a purely subjective, aesthetic-psychological one, but that it expresses its inner reality and thus has an objective character.
  2. Scientific potential analysis of subjectively delimited landscapes (e.g. the Neef school): “Landscape ecology is defined as a sub-area of ​​geographical landscape research that examines land use- related issues. Landscapes are not predetermined, natural units, but parts of the earth's surface that are excluded by humans from the uninterrupted connection of geofactors and that are structurally uniform with regard to a specific use. Landscape ecology researches the potential uses of these landscapes, taking into account the effects of human activity, but not its social causes. "
  3. Topological ecology of the landscape scale (e.g. Forman & Gordron): “Landscapes are defined as heterogeneous areas of kilometer-wide extent in which a characteristic cluster of interacting ecosystems is repeated. Forests, meadows, villages, etc. are cited as examples of landscape-forming ecosystems, fire, cyclones and agriculture as examples of disturbances that create the typical landscape cluster. Landscape ecology describes this cluster, explains its formation and, with a view to land use, researches the exchange of energy , nutrients and species between its ecosystems. "
  4. Organism-centered, multi-scale topological ecology (e.g. John A. Wiens): Landscape and landscape ecology are explicitly defined independently of humans and without any scale . A landscape is a template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes. Only the type of organism examined in each case determines which patterns and processes are relevant and which scale the landscape has.
  5. Topological ecology on the landscape level of biological organization (e.g. Urban et al., Turner et al. 2001): “Here, based on ecological hierarchy theories, it is assumed that life is organized on several levels and that a landscape level exists above the ecosystem . This is constituted by high interaction rates between certain ecosystems and a specific interaction frequency. Landscape ecology analyzes the relationships between patterns and ecological processes at the landscape level. "
  6. Analysis of socio-ecological systems from the natural, social and human sciences (e.g. Reader , Naveh, Tress, Zonneveld ): “Landscape ecology is an interdisciplinary super science that combines scientific with social and human sciences analyzes in order to holistically examine the relationships between human societies and to explore their environment. A prerequisite is that a social system and the ecological systems surrounding it not only interact with one another, but co-evolve and thereby form a superordinate unit called the landscape. "
  7. Ecology guided by culturally shaped meanings of lifeworld landscapes (e.g. Schumacher, Ludwig Trepl , in approaches Gerhard Hard , Wolfgang Haber ): Landscape ecology is defined (or simply practiced in an undefined manner) as ecology, which "in the choice of its scientific research subjects and - questions is guided by a goal external to science: namely to preserve and develop lifeworld landscapes, primarily delimited according to aesthetic-cultural principles, which symbolize harmony, identity, good life, etc., or authenticity, naturalness, freedom, etc. [...] Landscape ecology provides practical fields such as environmental management and landscape planning with the ecological knowledge that is required in order to maintain and develop the material carriers of such landscapes - that is, certain populations and ecosystems or land uses; and it provides the ecological knowledge that is required to assess what instrumental value these carriers have due to their production and regulatory functions. "

Content

According to the first historical definition, which originates from the geographer Carl Troll (1939), landscape ecology represents the study of the entire complex interrelationship between the communities and their environmental conditions that prevails in a certain landscape section . This is expressed spatially in a certain distribution pattern (landscape mosaic, landscape pattern) and in a natural spatial structure of various sizes. While geoecology mainly looks at abiotic and biological ecology biotic factors, landscape ecology deals with the structure of both areas in nature and the environment. In this context, landscape ecology also examines the importance of human interventions in landscape diversity in the formation and spread of new human pathogens that can subsequently lead to epidemics .

A second line of development in the field comes from agriculture and forestry and was primarily triggered by concerns about environmental protection . Problem areas here include soil erosion , material balance, overfertilization and water protection . When modeling the processes in the landscape and in the soil , the “upscaling” of primary point data to the surface is the most important step. Various geographic information systems (GIS) are an indispensable tool here and for soil estimation .

In the transition area to nature conservation planning, there is primarily the sustainable use and development of the cultural landscape and the habitat and species protection of endangered animal and plant species. Here - for example in the ECL project "Our Common European Cultural Landscape Heritage" - a Europe-wide network of research projects on interdisciplinary landscape maintenance is being developed, or management plans are being drawn up within the scope of Natura 2000 .

This subject area, originally founded on geography and soil culture, thus forms an interface between geosciences , agricultural sciences and life sciences , as well as the applied fields of nature conservation and landscape planning .

Education

Since landscape ecology has both ecological and geographical content, landscape ecological working groups are located in biological and physical-geographical faculties of many universities. Landscape ecology can be studied at the following universities, among others:

Germany

  • The University of Greifswald offers a bachelor's degree in landscape ecology and nature conservation as well as a master's degree in landscape ecology and nature conservation in the field of biology .
  • A master's degree in Landcape Ecology is available at the University of Hohenheim , which has an institute for landscape and plant ecology .
  • The master's degree in landscape ecology at the University of Oldenburg is offered at the Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences.
  • At the University of Bonn , the master’s degree in nature conservation and landscape ecology is carried out on an interdisciplinary basis by the mathematical and natural science faculty and the agricultural science faculty.
  • The University of Münster offers a bachelor's and master's degree in landscape ecology , which are carried out by the landscape ecology institute in cooperation with the geographic institute.
  • At the Weihenstephan Science Center of the Technical University of Munich , the previous specialization in landscape ecology is now being continued in the bachelor's degree in landscape architecture and landscape planning as a specialization in landscape planning , as well as in the master's degree in environmental planning and engineering ecology .
  • At the University of Rostock , students in the agricultural and environmental sciences courses have specialization modules in landscape ecology available.

Austria

  • In Austria, the Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences has been offering landscape ecology since around 1980, and studies in landscape planning are currently being offered. Due to the close networking of the university institutes, the course is highly interdisciplinary .
  • At the University of Vienna , as part of the bachelor's degree in biology, it is possible to specialize in landscape ecology by choosing the alternative compulsory module group ecology with courses in landscape ecology, as well as in the master's degree in Ecology and Ecosystems with a corresponding focus in the individual specialization modules. The University of Vienna also has its own physiogeographical-landscape-ecological laboratory at the Institute for Geography and Regional Research , so that a corresponding specialization can also be achieved through the Bachelor's and Master's degree in geography.
  • At the University of Graz , a specialization in landscape ecology is possible in the bachelor's program in biology with a major in ecology . The same possibility as part of a study of irregular of Environmental System Sciences , supplemented with the specialized focus of business administration, economics, geography, science, chemistry (already discontinued) or physics (also discontinued).
  • At the University of Innsbruck , as part of the biological master’s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity, a specialization is offered in the elective module Landscape Ecology . Innsbruck University also has its own research group for landscape ecology.
  • The University of Salzburg offers relevant specializations in geography.

Switzerland

Switzerland: at the ETH Zurich the course “ National Culture and Environmental Protection” with a focus on the Institute for Landscape Planning and Landscape Ecology .

Major subjects of study include agricultural sciences , biology , soil science , forestry , geology , geomorphology , hydrology , climatology , planning sciences (especially urban planning and geoinformatics ). Also, remote sensing and basic courses in physics, chemistry and mathematics are usually required courses.

literature

  • O. Bastian: Landscape ecology - on the way to a unified scientific discipline? . Nature conservation and landscape planning 2001/33 (2-3): 41-51.
  • Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps from an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective. 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-2696-6 .
  • L. Finke: Landscape Ecology . 3. Edition. Westermann, Braunschweig 1996, ISBN 3-14-160295-6 .
  • V. Ingegnoli: Landscape Bionomics. Biological-Integrated Landscape Ecology . Springer 2015
  • RTT Forman & M. Godron: Landscape ecology . Wiley, New York 1986.
  • H. Readers: Landscape Ecology . UTB-Taschenbuch, Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8252-0521-5 .
  • E. Neef: The theoretical foundations of landscape theory . Haack, Gotha 1967.
  • U. Steinhardt, O. Blumenstein, H. Barsch: Textbook of landscape ecology . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1448-2 .
  • C. Troll: Landscape Ecology (Geoecology) and Biogeocoenology. A terminological study . Revue Roumaine de Geologie Geophysique et Geographie 1970/14 (1): 9-17.
  • MG Turner, RH Gardner, RV O'Neill: Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice Pattern and Process . Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 0-387-95123-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hartmut Leser: From Biodiversity to Landscape Diversity. The end of the disciplinary approach to the problem of diversity . In: Karl-Heinz Erdmann (Ed.): Internationaler Naturschutz . Springer, Heidelberg 1997, ISBN 978-3-642-64514-3 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-60700-4_8 .
  2. ↑ See e.g. B. John A. Wiens: What is landscape ecology, really . Landscape Ecology 1992/7 (3): pp. 149-150; Olaf Bastian: Landscape ecology - towards a unified discipline? Landscape Ecology 2001/16: pp. 757-766; Monica Turner: Landscape ecology: What is the state of the science? . Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2005/36 (1): pp. 319-344; Jiango Wu & Richard Hobbs: Landscape ecology: the state-of-the-science . In this. (eds): Key topics in landscape ecology . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: pp. 271-287; Thomas Kirchhoff; Ludwig Trepl & Vera Vicenzotti: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions . Landscape Research 2012, online first, doi : 10.1080 / 01426397.2011.640751 .
  3. ^ Monica G. Turner: Landscape ecology: What is the state of the science? ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.biol.ttu.edu archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 301 kB) Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2005/36 (1): pp. 319-344; John A. Wiens: The science and practice of landscape ecology . In: JM Klopatek & RH Gardner (eds): Landscape ecological analyzes: issues and applications. Springer, New York 1999: pp. 371-383; Thomas Kirchhoff: Is landscape ecology the same as the ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs . In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications . ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60.
  4. ↑ Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60; see. Thomas Kirchhoff; Ludwig Trepl & Vera Vicenzotti: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions. Landscape Research 2012, online first, doi : 10.1080 / 01426397.2011.640751 .
  5. ↑ See e.g. B. Monica G. Turner; Robert H. Gardner & Robert V. O'Neill: Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Pattern and process. Springer, New York.
  6. ↑ Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here in particular p. 53.
  7. ↑ Carl Troll: The geographical landscape and its exploration. Studium Generale 1950/3: 163–181.
  8. ^ A b Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here p. 53.
  9. ↑ See e.g. B. Ernst Neef : The theoretical foundations of landscape theory. Haack, Gotha 1967; Günter Haase : To derive and identify natural space potential. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1978/122 (2): pp. 113–125; Günter Haase & H. Richter: Current trends in landscape research. GeoJournal 1983/7 (2): pp. 107-119.
  10. ↑ See e.g. B. Richard TT Forman & Michel Godron: Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 1981/31 (10): pp. 733-740; Richard TT Forman & Michel Godron: Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York 1986.
  11. ↑ Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here pp. 53 f.
  12. ↑ See e.g. B. John A. Wiens & Bruce T. Milne: Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from the beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 1989/3 (2): pp. 87-96; John A. Wiens: Landscape mosaics and ecological theory. In: Hansson, L., Fahrig, L. & Merriam, G. (eds.), Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes. Chapman & Hall, London 1995: pp. 1-26.
  13. ↑ Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here pp. 54 f.
  14. ↑ Dean L. Urban; Robert. V. O'Neill & Herman H. Shugart Jr .: Landscape ecology. A hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience 1987/37 (2): pp. 119-127.
  15. ↑ Monica G. Turner; Robert H. Gardner & Robert V. O'Neill: Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Pattern and process. Springer, New York.
  16. ^ A b Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here p. 55.
  17. ↑ See e.g. B. Hartmut readers: landscape ecology. Approach, models, methodology, application. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1976; Hartmut readers: landscape ecology. Approach, models, methodology, application. With a contribution to the process correlation system model by Thomas Mosimann. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1991.
  18. ↑ See e.g. B. Zev Naveh & Arthur S. Lieberman: Landscape ecology. Theory and application. Springer, New York 1984; Zev Naveh: The total human ecosystem: integrating ecology and economics. BioScience 2000/50 (4): pp. 357-361; Zev Naveh: What is holistic landscape ecology? A conceptual introduction. Landscape and Urban Planning 2000/50 (1-3): pp. 7-26.
  19. ↑ Bärbel Tress & Gunther Tress: Capitalizing on multiplicity: a transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research. Landscape and Urban Planning 2001/57: pp. 143–157.
  20. ↑ Isaak S. Zonneveld: Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation, land management and conservation. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam 1995.
  21. ↑ http://www.geobotanik.uni-bonn.de/
  22. ↑ http://www.wzw.tum.de/loek ; Thomas Kirchhoff; Ludwig Trepl & Vera Vicenzotti: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions. Landscape Research 2012, online first, doi : 10.1080 / 01426397.2011.640751 .
  23. ^ Gerhard Hard: The geography. An epistemological introduction. de Gruyter, Berlin 1973: 92-95.
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Haber: Theoretical remarks on 'ecological planning'. Negotiations of the Society for Ecology 1979/7: 19–30.
  25. ↑ Thomas Kirchhoff: Landscape ecology equals ecology of the landscape? An epistemological and cultural-scientific analysis of landscape-ecological research programs. In: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Ed.): Landscape Ecology. Basics, methods, applications. ANL, Laufen 2011: pp. 53–60, here pp. 55 f.
  26. ↑ C. Troll: aerial photo plan and ecological soil research. Their appropriate use for scientific research and practical development of little-known countries . Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin 1939 / 7-8: pp. 241–298; see. C. Troll: The geographical landscape and its exploration . Studium Generale 1959/3 (4-5): pp. 163–181; C. Troll: Landscape Ecology (Geoecology) and Biogeocoenology. A terminological study . Revue Roumaine de Geologie Geophysique et Geographie 1970/14 (1): pp. 9-17.
  27. ↑ Laura Bloomfield, Tyler McIntosh and Eric Lambin: Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people and nonhuman primates in Africa . In: Landscape Ecology . tape 35 . Springer, Heidelberg / New York April 1, 2020, p. 985-1000 ( springer.com ).
  28. ↑ Daniel Bausch and Lara Schwarz: Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea: Where Ecology Meets Economy . In: PLOS - Neglected Tropical Diseases . tape 8 , no. 7 , July 31, 2014, p. 3056 ( plos.org ).
  29. ↑ Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation (Bachelor of Science) - University of Greifswald. Retrieved May 20, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation (Master of Science) - University of Greifswald. Retrieved May 20, 2020 .
  31. ↑ Master's degree in Landscape Ecology. University of Hohenheim, accessed on May 20, 2020 .
  32. ↑ Master's degree in landscape ecology. University of Oldenburg, accessed on May 20, 2020 .
  33. ↑ Master's degree in nature conservation and landscape ecology. University of Bonn, accessed on May 20, 2020 .
  34. ↑ Bachelor's degree in landscape ecology. University of Münster, accessed on May 20, 2020 .
  35. ↑ Master's degree in landscape ecology. University of Münster, accessed on May 20, 2020 .
  36. ↑ Landscape Ecology and Location Studies - Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - University of Rostock. Retrieved May 20, 2020 .
  37. ^ University of Vienna: Biology (Bachelor). Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  38. ^ University of Vienna: BOE 6 Field Biology. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  39. ^ University of Vienna: BOE 7 Functional Ecology. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  40. ^ University of Vienna: BOE 8 Vegetation, Landscape and Population Ecology and Nature Conservation Biology. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  41. ^ University of Vienna: Master's degree in Ecology and Ecosystems. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  42. ^ University of Graz: Bachelor in Biology. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  43. ↑ University of Innsbruck: Master's degree in ecology and biodiversity. Retrieved April 28, 2020 .
  44. ↑ Landscape Ecology Research Group. University of Innsbruck, accessed on May 20, 2020 .

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