Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

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The bone morphogenetic proteins ( English bone morphogenetic proteins , BMPs) are a group similar to each other signaling proteins that are secreted by animal cells, in order to influence neighboring cells, so-called cytokines . The BMPs are a component of the TGF-β - signal path , one of the fundamental signal systems for the communication between cells. The BMPs are also known as paracrine signaling molecules.

The BMPs and the associated TGF-β signaling pathway can be found in such different organisms as humans, the fruit fly (Drosophila), the zebrafish or the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as well as many other multicellular organisms investigated to date. Only the name varies and is called Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in Drosophila . The TGF-β signaling pathway plays an important role in many phases of development in all of these organisms. So this signal path controls z. B. in the early development of the fruit fly embryo the division of the body into the stomach and back halves.

The genes coding for BMPs in humans are: BMP1 ( bone morphogenetic protein 1 ), BMP2 , BMP3 , BMP4 , BMP5 , BMP6 , BMP7 , BMP8A , BMP8B , BMP10 , BMP15 , GDF10

functionality

The BMPs are released by the signaling cell and diffuse to neighboring cells. There they bind to membrane receptors , which transmit this signal through the cell membrane into the interior of the cell. In a signal cascade inside the cell, this message is finally transmitted to the cell nucleus by other proteins. This signal can then (depending on the development context) lead to a change in gene activity in the cell nucleus - which ultimately leads to the recipient cell changing its protein composition and thus its properties.

The type of BMP, the strength and duration of the signal and the condition of the receiving cell when the signal is received determine the reaction of the receiving cell to the signal. This makes a simplified description of the function of the BMPs difficult. The TGF-β signal system is used again and again in the course of the development of a living being for communication between cell associations in order to control and regulate developmental events in a variety of ways. The BMPs are named after their ability to act as growth factors to stimulate bone formation in vertebrates , but this is not their only function. In addition to the ability to stimulate bone formation , the bone morphogenetic protein BMP2 also has the property of stem cells chondrogenic, i.e. H. in cartilage tissue to differentiate. With stem cells from the synovial membrane , the growth factor BMP2 reacts with the growth factor TGF-β in a synergistic way. BMP2 and TGF-β, both growth factors of the TGF-β family, react differently to the presence of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone .

The released BMPs can by other proteins such. B. Chordin and Noggin from Spemann's organizer are intercepted and inactivated at the molecular level, whereby a damping or switching off of the signal is achieved. Chordin et al. a. inhibit the influence of BMP4 on the blastopore , creating an influence gradient that leads to gastrulation .

BMPs not only affect bone formation. In the frog and also in humans, they lead via apoptosis (programmed cell death) to the regression of the webbed skin and thus to the development of the fingers.

See also

further reading

Web links

Commons : Bone morphogenetic proteins  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ NJ Kovermann, V. Basoli, E. Della Bella, M. Alini, C. Lischer, H. Schmal, EJ Kubosch, MJ Stoddart: BMP2 and TGF-β Cooperate Differently during Synovial-Derived Stem-Cell Chondrogenesis in a Dexamethasone- Dependent Manner. In: Cells. Volume 8, number 6, 2019, p. 636, doi : 10.3390 / cells8060636 , PMID 31242641 , PMC 6628125 (free full text).
  2. ↑ D. edges, K. Ruckpaul (ed.): Molecular medical principles of fetal and neonatal diseases. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2005, ISBN 3-540-20138-6 , p. 348.