Knotane

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Basic structure of a knotane with a clover leaf loop structure.
Structure of a knotane synthesized by Fritz Vögtle.

Knotanes , also called molecular knots , are macromolecules with a mechanically locked molecular architecture and a structure analogous to a macroscopic knot. The term knotane was coined by Fritz Vögtle in 2000 analogously to rotaxanes and catenanes , but has not yet been officially confirmed by the IUPAC . A molecular knot with a trefoil loop configuration has at least two enantiomers due to topological isomerism and is chiral . Examples of naturally formed knotanes are known for certain proteins . The first Knotan was synthesized in 1989 by Nobel Prize winners Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Christiane Dietrich-Buchecker . In 1991 Nadrian Seeman and colleagues synthesized a Velcro leaf knot from single-stranded DNA , using the self-assembly properties of DNA.

In the meantime a number of knotanes - also with a multiple knot structure - have been produced.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Oliver Safarowsky, Martin Nieger, Roland Fröhlich, Fritz Vögtle: A Molecular Knot with Twelve Amide Groups - One-Step Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Chirality. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 39, 2000, pp. 1616-1618, doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1521-3773 (20000502) 39: 9 <1616 :: AID-ANIE1616> 3.0.CO; 2-Y .
  2. ^ Oleg Lukin, Fritz Vögtle: Knotting and Threading of Molecules: Chemistry and Chirality of Molecular Knots and Their Assemblies. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44, 2005, pp. 1456-1477, doi : 10.1002 / anie.200460312 .
  3. ^ Christiane O. Dietrich-Buchecker, Jean-Pierre Sauvage: A Synthetic Molecular Trefoil Knot. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 28, 1989, pp. 189-192, doi : 10.1002 / anie.198901891 .
  4. ^ Jean-Francois Ayme, Jonathon E. Beves, David A. Leigh, Roy T. McBurney, Kari Rissanen, David Schultz: A synthetic molecular pentafoil knot. In: Nature Chemistry . 4, 2011, pp. 15-20, doi : 10.1038 / nchem.1193 .
  5. ↑ Peter R. Ashton, Owen A. Matthews, Stephan Menzer, Francisco M. Raymo, Neil Spencer, J. Fraser Stoddart, David J. Williams: Molecular Meccano, 27. A Template-directed Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot. In: Liebig's annals . 1997, 1997, pp. 2485-2494, doi : 10.1002 / jlac.199719971210 .
  6. ↑ Gwénaël Rapenne, Christiane Dietrich-Buchecker, Jean-Pierre Sauvage: Copper (I) - or Iron (II) -Templated Synthesis of Molecular Knots Containing Two Tetrahedral or Octahedral Coordination Sites. In: Journal of the American Chemical Society . 121, 1999, pp. 994-1001, doi : 10.1021 / ja982239 + .