Krasis
Krasis ( Greek κρᾶσις - "mixture") is in grammar the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at the end of a word with the beginning vowel of the next word.
Ancient Greek
The diacritical mark placed over the vowel of the second part in Greek to indicate the Krasis is called Koronis . An exception are connections with ἑτέρος such as θᾱτέρου (from τοῦ ἑτέρου ).
Examples
- καὶ ἔπειτα > κἄπειτα
- τὸ ἱμάτιον > θοιμάτιον ( breath assimilation without marking the krasis by a coronis )
German examples
In German , a preposition is regularly - but not always - merged with certain specific articles:
- in / to / at / to the (house)> in / on / at / to the (house)
- to the (door)> to the (door)
- in / to / around / on / for the (house)> ins / ans / ums / on / for the (house)
These forms are spelled correctly without an apostrophe. A merger only takes place with articles; Relative and demonstrative pronouns have the same forms as certain articles but are never merged. There are no specific rules as to when the merger will take place. In hardly any case is it mandatory.
Are colloquially in / on / at / to with the extent fused than that phonological of a schwa is reduced -sound. There are no official regulations for such forms. Possible spellings are in'er or in'r .
Often the word es is colloquially appended to the preceding word:
- (It's me. > It's (me).
- That's it! > That's it.
In this case, the spelling with an apostrophe is mandatory according to official regulations.
Pronouns are attached, especially in dialectal usage:
- Do you have it? > Do you have it? > Got it?
In English, the words is, has, had, would, could, will, shall and not are often combined with other words, especially colloquially . Examples are:
- is / was / were / has /… not> isn't / wasn't / weren't / hasn't / ...
- More irregular examples include
- can not> cannot
- will not> won't
- shall not> shan't
The words is, has, will, had and would are combined with preceding personal pronouns by apostrophizing everything down to the last letter:
- he is / has> he's
- she will> she'll
- it had / would> it'd
Often both replacements can be made. Then both are allowed, but not combined:
- he is not> he's not
- she is not> she isn't
- it will not> it'll not
- they will not> they won't
The choice of shape makes it easier to emphasize the untouched word. In the first and third variant, the negation ( not ) is emphasized, in the second and fourth form the focus is more on the person ( she or they ).
French examples
- ce est> c'est
- de accord> d'accord
- je ai> j'ai
- la abeille> l'abeille
Portuguese examples
Here the preposition a often merges with the feminine article a or demonstrative . An à is written as an indication .
- a aquele> àquele
- aa praia> à praia
Spanish examples
- Cama arena> Camarena
- de el> del
- a el> al
Galician examples
- de o / a> do / da
- con o / a> có / cá
- de outro / outra> doutro / doutra
- aa praia> á praia
Catalan examples
- de on> d'on
- de Holanda> d'Holanda
- Carles de Àustria> Carles d'Àustria
- màquina de escriure> màquina d'escriure
Italian examples
Same as in German, with prepositions with certain articles without an apostrophe
- di il / i / lo / la / l '/ gli / le> del / dei / dello / della / dell' / degli / delle
- a il / i / la /…> al / ai / alla /…
- da il / i / la / ...> dal / dalla / ...
- su il / i / la /…> sul / sui / sulla /…
but otherwise with. Strictly speaking , l ' is not an article in the lists mentioned , but is often treated as such in textbooks. Specifically, l 'represents an apostrophized lo or la and occurs only in connection with a word that begins phonetically with a vowel:
- lo angolo> l'angolo (the angle)
- lo hotel> l'hotel
- la anatra> l'anatra (the duck)
A common form is c'è from ci + è with the meaning there is with singular (literally: there is , cf. English there is ). Further forms according to this scheme are:
- ci è> c'è
- (Ce) ne è (ancora ...)> (Ce) n'è (ancora ...), dt: Is there anything left from ...
- Ci era / ci erano (una volta ...)> C'era / c'erano (una volta ...), dt: It was / once upon a time ...
In the plural, the forms are ci sono and ne sono .
The unstressed indirect object pronoun for the third person singular masculine and the third person plural is gli . If the direct object is also a pronoun and one of lo , la , li or le , gli is merged with the direct object pronoun by the connecting vowel e : gli-e-lo / gli-e-la / ... The resulting word is apostrophized if necessary . The unstressed indirect object pronoun for the third person singular feminine and polite form is le or Le . In this case too, gli-e-lo / gli-e-la / ... is regularly formed.
- Gli lo (consegno)> Glielo (consegno), dt: [I] (hand it over) to him / her
- (Te) lo ho (detto)> (Te) l'ho (detto), dt: [I] have (told you)
- Gli lo ho (dato)> Gliel'ho (dato), dt: [I] gave it to him
The last form ( gliel'ho ) is acoustically indistinguishable from the first ( glielo ).
Individual evidence
- ^ The Italian personal pronouns. Spotlight Verlag, accessed June 18, 2020 .