Crustal anemones
| Crustal anemones | ||||||||||
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Crust anemone colony with 2 different species |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Zoanthidea | ||||||||||
| Rafinesque , 1815 |
The crusty anemones (zoanthidea), also called zoantharia or zoanthinaria, are a world-wide spread, but only inadequately investigated order of the flower animals (anthozoa), which, in contrast to their relatives, the hard corals , lack any skeleton. Most representatives reach a size of only a few centimeters. Solitary and also colony-forming species are represented in this order . Crusty anemones are popular pets in saltwater aquariums .
toxicity
Palythoa species have the poison palytoxin . With an LD 50 of 0.15 µg / kg, it is one of the most effective acutely toxic organic poisons that is not based on protein; only maitotoxin is more toxic. It is probably a feed protection. Since crust anemones are popular aquarium animals, the owners are repeatedly poisoned. The Poison Information Center North counted 46 cases since 2000 in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Bremen. It is recommended to wear gloves when working in the aquarium. When cleaning work outside the aquarium, e.g. B. When cleaning overgrown stones, care should be taken to ensure adequate ventilation. There is no incubation period, the poison works immediately, both as a contact poison and via aerosols. Depending on the amount consumed, complaints are expressed as malaise, vomiting, severe chills and paralysis of the entire muscular system. There is currently no antidote. A vasodilator drug can help. Deaths have not yet been described.
Systematics
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Order Zoanthidea Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1815 (= Zoanthinaria, Zoantharia)
- Subordination Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
- Family Neozoanthidae Herberts, 1972
- Genus Neozoanthus Herberts, 1972
- Family Sphenopidae Hertwig, 1882
- Genus Palythoa Lamouroux, 1816
- Genus Protopalythoa Verrill, 1900
- Genus Sphenopus Steenstrup, 1856
- Family Zoanthidae Gray, 1840
- Genus Acrozoanthus Kent, 1893
- Genus Isaurus Gray, 1828
- Genus Zoanthus Cuvier, 1800
- Family Neozoanthidae Herberts, 1972
- Subordination Macrocnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
- Family Epizoanthidae Delage & Hirouard, 1910
- Genus Epizoanthus Gray, 1867
- Genus Thoracactis Gravier, 1918
- Family Parazoanthidae Delage & Hirouard, 1910
- Genus Isozoanthus Carlgren in Chun, 1903
- Genus Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
- Genus Savalia Nardo, 1814
- Family Abyssoanthidae Reimer & Fugiwara, 2007
- Genus Abyssoanthus Reimer & Fugiwara, 2007 (only species Abyssoanthus nankaiensis )
- Family Epizoanthidae Delage & Hirouard, 1910
According to phylogenetic studies of 8 genera of the two subfamilies Brachycnemina and Macrocnemina, Brachycnemina as a monophyletic clade can be compared to Epizoanthus as a sister taxon. All other examined species branch off with Epizoanthus . With the exception of Parazoanthus, the examined genera are monophyletic.
literature
- Hans A. Baensch / Robert A. Patzner: Mergus Sea Water Atlas Volumes 2, 4 + 5, Mergus-Verlag, Melle.
- Svein A. Fossa / Alf Jacob Nilsen: Coral reef aquarium , Volume 4, Schmettkamp Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-928819-05-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Berit Uhlmann: Poison from the aquarium. In: sueddeutsche.de. February 9, 2018, accessed February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ James Reimer, Yuka Irei, Takuma Fujii: Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific. ZooKeys 246 (2012): 69-87, doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.246.3886
- ↑ Sinniger et al. (2005): Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes in : Marine Biology 147 (5): 1121-1128, September 2005.
Web links
- The University of Geneva Zoanthids page (English)
