Sound development
With the sound development refers to the acquisition of speech sounds during the child's language acquisition . During sound development, the child acquires the basics of sound production as well as sound reception, i.e. that is, it must learn how to correctly articulate linguistic sounds such as vowels and consonants , and while listening it must learn to distinguish linguistic sounds from one another.
The development of sounds belongs to the first stage of language acquisition.
Acquisition of the sound production
Children acquire the basic principles of sound production in the following typical phases:
Phase 1: Even a newborn can first sounds form: weeping , crying , babbling , babbling or whining. These sounds are very important because they indicate the condition of the newborn. Babbling and babbling usually shows that the infant is comfortable, while whining and crying indicate a poorer mood. The scream is a warning system to ensure survival. It has a notification function; so he can draw attention to hunger, thirst or pain. Screaming also increases lung capacity. In addition to the vocal expression of screaming, the newborn also produces some calm basic sounds.
2nd phase: The phase of vocal expansion then follows in the third to fourth month. The phase begins when the newborn plays with the voice . These are the first attempts at sound imitation. During this time, the child produces significantly more vowels than consonants .
3rd phase: At about six months, consonants are systematically formed and combined with vowels, which is known as babbling . At this age, the vocal tract begins to resemble that of adults more and more.
4th phase: The phase of repeated syllable babbling begins between the seventh and tenth month . The toddler forms doublings of consonant - vowel pairs , e.g. B. baba , mama , gaga , dada . This is also known as reduplicated babbling .
5th phase: At the age of eleven to twelve months, different consonants and vowels are combined with one another, not just duplications of consonant-vowel pairs. Examples would be dadu or bada . This is also known as variegated babbling . Babbel's Babbel repertoire seems to be universal, so Babbel examples from English can also be found in other languages such as Afrikaans, Maya or Japanese.
Phase 6: At around 12 months, children begin to form sound combinations that parents identify as the first words. Since it is not clear whether these are actually words and the child is still babbling a lot at the same time, this phase is referred to as the proto-word phase.
6th phase: At 12 to 18 months, the toddler forms one-word sentences . The vocabulary increases by leaps and bounds in the middle of the second year of life, from around 50 words to over 100.
When the child can use more than 50 words productively, the acquisition of the phonetic system is usually complete. The child begins to acquire word formation rules and sentence structure.
Sound reception
Sound reception, i.e. sound recording, is related to hearing . Shortly after birth, the newborn can distinguish between human and non-human sounds. Furthermore, infants can already distinguish the mother's voice from other female voices as well as words with different pitches and sentences with different rhythms. Newborns also prefer utterances in their mother tongue over other verbal utterances.
Like adults, babies have categorical sound perception: for adults, this means that they can clearly divide speech input into different categories. If the linguistic input is slightly varied in listening experiments (e.g. from [bæ] to [dæ] to [gæ]), test persons perceive three categories in particular, the phonemes / b /, / d / and / g /. This experiment has also been done with infants. In order to determine whether they perceive the linguistic input as different, the suckling rate of the infant was measured, which increases with alternation, does not change or decreases with repetitions. The result shows that babies can also categorize sounds. Infants are also able to categorize sounds very early on, although the speaker, context and rate of speech vary.
Similar to the acquisition of sound production, the acquisition of sound reception also takes place in typical phases. It has been found that infants first recognize plosives such as / p / and / b / around 4 weeks of age. Fricatives like / f / and / v / only follow at the age of 12 weeks. Differences such as voiced vs. voiceless are acquired in the first few weeks of life.
From around the 6th month onwards, the child's ability to recognize sound contrasts that are not part of his or her mother tongue slowly disappears. H. the child's sound reception is now specialized in its mother tongue. At 10 months, children can recognize rudimentary first words.
literature
- Hans Bickes, Ute Pauli: First and second language acquisition . W. Fink, Paderborn 2009.
- Christina Kauschke: Child Language Acquisition in German . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2012.
- Gisela Klann-Delius: Language Acquisition: An Introduction , 3rd Edition. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-476-02632-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gisela Klann-Delius: Language acquisition: An introduction . 3. Edition. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-476-02632-3 , pp. 21-28 .
- ↑ Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman: Phonetics . Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 2009, pp. 265-274 .
- ↑ Gisela Klann-Delius: Language acquisition: An introduction . 3. Edition. JB Metzler, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-476-02632-3 , pp. 25-29 .