Lavieren (chess)

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Lavieren (from Dutch laveren, (seem.) " To cross against the wind ") describes the strategy associated with the initiative of conquering an enemy weakness that is initially adequately protected by constantly regrouping one's own pieces.

According to Aaron Nimzowitsch , who was the first to describe maneuvering as an independent stratagem , this specific “form of initiative” can only be exercised if two minimum requirements are met: The maneuvering player must have a space advantage and the ability to do so in at least two different ways To be able to play against an enemy weakness that the opponent is bound to defend. The goal of lavish is to conquer this particular weakness. It is always to be used when the weakness cannot be conquered directly because the opponent has sufficient defensive resources in the event of a straight attack. In this case, the attacking player must use various threat games and make use of his space advantage to get the opponent, who is restricted in his freedom of movement, to

  • to reduce his defense possibilities by forcing his figures into "uncomfortable cover positions" so that he can no longer react in time to the further possibilities of attacking the weakness
  • or to allow a further weakness against which the maneuvering player can take additional action thanks to his space advantage, which ultimately leads to an overload of the defense
  • or to bind his pieces to the defense of the weaknesses on one side of the board in such a way that they can no longer react in time to an attack on the other side of the board (typically an attack by the king).

In all these cases, the idea of ​​loosening is to combine actions against the actual or yet to be provoked weaknesses in such a way that the opponent is no longer able to cover everything in time. In a figurative sense, the attacker has to maneuver like the sailor, i.e. come from one side or the other in order to achieve his goal.

The tactical motifs used by washing are overload and pressure to pull . While the motive of overstressing occurs predominantly when playing the middle game , the pressure to pull is used especially when playing the game in endgames .

According to Max Euwe , Siegbert Tarrasch is considered to be the first to consciously use the wash. He discovered that in certain positions it was difficult for the defense to comply with the duty to move without being disadvantaged. In positions of this kind he would move back and forth for some time to put his opponent to the test. He did not attempt a theoretical foundation of pavement, which he called a little disparagingly "cat and mouse games".

Due to lack of knowledge, even today, and not only in chess parlance, lavishing is often equated with simply waiting in anticipation of a better opportunity. Contributing to this lack of precision in the use of the word is that Nimzowitsch himself sometimes used the term in the sense of mere maneuvering.

Euwe, on the other hand, emphasizes that the basics of the above-mentioned objective principles are necessary to navigate; everything else is a mere further play in the hope that the opponent might make a mistake, which is not a mess, but "pissing".

Despite Nimzowitsch's early attempt to devise a scheme for laving, there is still no comprehensive description of lavishing. It is unclear z. For example, furthermore, whether the axis described by Nimzowitsch , with which he marked that field or that demarcation line over which the various threatening games run, is a necessary condition of any lavish, which Nimzowitsch himself saw. As early as 1961, Euwe suspected that washing might not be subject to certain laws, because on the one hand it was too closely related to practice; On the other hand , according to Euwe , the special abilities of Sultan Khan , who was an excellent laver player without much theoretical knowledge, could be cited as an argument for the fact that “the ability to laver is an innate gift; a gift that can be developed but is difficult to learn ”. In any case, there is still no theory of laving.

In addition to Sultan Khan, Emanuel Lasker and Anatoli Karpow are also regarded as outstanding masters of the piano .

literature

  • Max Euwe: Das Lavieren , in: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961.
  • Aaron Nimzowitsch: Waving against an enemy weakness. The combined attack on both wings. Is there a certain elective affinity between the two stratagemes just mentioned? . In: ders .: My system. A textbook of the game of chess on a completely new basis . Das Schacharchiv, Hamburg ²1965, pp. 239–249.

Sample games

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Cf. Nimzowitsch: Mein System. A textbook of the game of chess on a completely new basis . The chess archive, Hamburg 1925, pp. 239–249.
  2. ↑ Max Euwe: The Lavieren . In: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961, pp. 7 and 33.
  3. ↑ Nimzowitsch: My system. A textbook of the game of chess on a completely new basis . The chess archive, Hamburg 1925, p. 239.
  4. ↑ Cf. Max Euwe: Das Lavieren . In: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961, p. 13.
  5. ↑ Cf. Nimzowitsch: Mein System , p. 136.
  6. ↑ Cf. Max Euwe: Das Lavieren . In: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Cf. Max Euwe: Das Lavieren . In: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961, p. 5.
  8. ↑ Max Euwe: The Lavieren . In: ders. And H. Kramer: Das Mittelspiel . Vol. 9. Rattmann, Hamburg 1961, p. 47.