Mā 'al-ʿAinain al-Qalqamī

Mā 'al-ʿAinain Muhammad al-Mustafā ibn Muhammad Fādil al-Qalqamī asch-Shinqītī ( Arabic ماء العينين محمد المصطفى بن محمد فاضل القلقمي الشنقيطي, DMG Māʾ al-ʿAinain Muḥammad al-Muṣṭafā ibn Muḥammad Fādil al-Qalqamī aš-Šinqīṭī born. 1830; died 1910) was an Islamic scholar and political leader in the area of Mauritania and the Western Sahara .

Mausoleum Mā' al-'Ainains in Smara , Western Sahara

Muhammad son of a leader of Sanhaja - Berber and Fādilīya -Bruderschaft in what is now Mauritania . After studying theology and mysticism , he retired to religious studies and asceticism after the death of his father in 1869 and founded a new brotherhood. He was influenced by the teachings of the Wahhabis and the Sanussiya . This brotherhood quickly spread to Mauritania, Sudan , Senegal and Morocco . In Mauritania, she soon gained secular power as she ensured peace between the tribes and the caravan routes. Muhammad also had good relations with the Alawid sultans Mulai al-Hassan I (1873-1894) and Abd al-Aziz (1894-1908) in Morocco, so that he was able to establish branches in Marrakech and Fez for his brotherhood .

When the French subjugation of the Saharan tribes began in Mauritania, Muhammad organized the resistance, but had to retreat to Tizmit in southern Morocco, where he called the "holy war" against the French. After his death in 1910, his son Ahmad al-Hilla continued the fight, but had to retreat into exile in the Spanish Sahara colony in 1934 after most of his warriors had died. His son died there in 1942.

literature

• Stephan and Nandy Ronart: Lexicon of the Arab World. Artemis Verlag, 1972. pp. 667f.
• Harry T. Norris: Art. "Māʾ al-ʿAynayn al-Ḳalḳamī" in: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Vol. 5, pp. 889b-892b.

Web links

• Portrait (fr)