Alavids
The Alawids ( Arabic العلويون, DMG al-ʿAlawiyūn ; also Alaouites or Alavids , after their home oasis Tafilalet also Filalites ,الفيلاليون, DMG al-Fīlāliyūn ), called the Second Sherif Dynasty because of their descent , have been the ruling royal dynasty in Morocco since 1664 .
There is a risk of confusion due to the affinities with the Alawites in Syria and the Alevis in Turkey. Alawi (in Turkish pronunciation Alevi ) means member of Ali's party or descendant of Ali , which means in all three cases Ali ibn Abi Talib .
history
The Alavids trace their descent to Hasan ibn ʿAlī , the grandson of the Prophet Mohammed , and are therefore Sherif . Hence they refer to themselves as Aliden . They came to Morocco from the Hejaz at the end of the 13th century . During the anomie following the death of Saadian Ahmad al-Mansur (1578-1603), the Alawids began to expand their power in southern Morocco . In 1659, with the conquest of Marrakech, the last Saadian ruler was overthrown. After the victory over the religious Dila brotherhood , which controlled northern Morocco , Morocco was united and pacified under Mulai ar-Raschid (1664–1672).
The real organization of the empire took place under Mulai Ismail (1672-1727), who began to build a unified state against the resistance of the tribes. Since the Alawids, in contrast to the previous dynasties ( Saadians , Merinids , Almohads and Almoravids ), did not have the support of a single Berber or Bedouin tribe , Mulai Ismail built an army of black African slaves ( abids ) with whom he could control Morocco. With these troops the English were expelled from Tangier (1684) and the Spaniards from Larache / al-Araisch (1689). However, the created unitary state did not survive the death of Mulai Ismail. In the power struggles that broke out after 1727, the tribes reasserted themselves as determining political and military factors in Morocco.
Only Sultan Mulai Muhammad (1757–1790) was able to pacify the empire and reorganize the administration. A renewed attempt at centralization was waived, so that the tribes could preserve their autonomy. Under Mulai Abd ar-Rahman (1822-1859) Morocco came under the influence of the European powers. When Morocco in Algeria supported the emir Abd el-Kader's struggle for freedom , it was crushed by France in 1844 and had to give up the support of the Algerians.
Since Sidi Muhammad IV (1859–1873) and Mulai al-Hassan I (1873–1894), the Alawids tried to promote trade through trade agreements with European states and the USA. The army and administration were also modernized in order to better control the Berber and Bedouin tribes. However, with the war of Spain against Morocco (1859-1860) the direct European influence began. Although the independence of Morocco was secured in the Madrid Conference (1880), France in particular continued to gain influence. Against this increasing influence of France, which had coordinated its interests with Great Britain in 1904, the German Reich tried to protect its interests. This led to the 1st Morocco Crisis (1905–1906) and the 2nd Morocco Crisis (1911). The position of France could no longer be shaken, so that Morocco had to recognize the French protectorate on December 3, 1912. At the same time, the Rif area in northern Morocco had to be ceded to Spain.
Under the French protectorate (1912–1956), major investments were made in expanding the infrastructure to connect the cities on the Atlantic coast with the hinterland. A uniform economic area was created in Morocco. The administration was also enforced against the tribes. When the Berbers were to come under the French courts in 1930, the independence movement developed in Morocco. In 1944 the independence party Istiqlal was founded, which was also supported by Sultan Mohammed V (1927–1961) in the Tangier speech . Although he was temporarily deposed by the French in 1953 and sent into exile in Madagascar, France had to give Morocco independence on March 2, 1956. The importance of the French protectorate can be seen in the fact that the country's urbanization accelerated considerably and that the development of an industrial economy began. Morocco also proved to be an important outpost for France in the Second World War (see French North Africa in the Second World War ).
While the French succeeded in pacifying Morocco, the Spaniards provoked the second Moroccan War (the third of three Rif Wars ) in the Rif region . It began in 1921 and ended in 1926. First, the Berbers and Abd al-Karim drove out the Spanish troops and in 1923 founded the Rif Republic . With the illegal use of chemical weapons in the Rif War (over 500 tons of mustard gas) and with the help of French troops, Spain succeeded in suppressing the uprising. In the Spanish Civil War , many Rif Berbers fought on the Franco side before Spain returned the Rif area to independent Morocco.
Ruler
The rulers come from the Alawid dynasty. Before 1957, the office was known as the Sultan.
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See also
literature
- Ulrich Haarmann : History of the Arab World. Edited by Heinz Halm . 4th revised and expanded edition. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47486-1 ( Beck's historical library ).