Sherif

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Scherif or Sharif , Germanized from Arabic شريف Sharīf , DMG šarīf  'noble, noble' (plural Aschrāf  /أشراف / ašrāf or Shurafā '  /شرفاء / šurafāʾ , Moroccan-Arabic chorfa ), is the religious title of the descendants of the Prophet Mohammed , who are descended from one of his two grandsons Hasan or Husain . In ancient Arabia and early Islam, the term generally referred to high-ranking personalities of the Arab tribal society. In the course of time, however, its importance was restricted so that it was only used for Aliden . In some areas, such as the Hejaz , it has even been reserved only for the Hasanids , while the Husainids are known as Saiyids .

Sherif and Saiyids form a kind of hereditary nobility in Islam. However, marriage restrictions only apply to sheriff women. They are only allowed to marry Sherif men, while conversely they are also allowed to marry non-Sherif women. In Hijaz and Morocco possibilities Sherifian dynasties have emerged.

history

In pre-Islamic Arabia and early Islam, the Ashrāf were members of particularly noble Arab tribes or the heads of prominent families who had achieved a recognized status within their tribes or in a particular city over time. The Ashrāf viewed themselves as aristocrats (ahl al-faḍl) in contrast to the uneducated masses. The term Sharif referred to a person with an elegant family tree, noble character and high social rank. As such, the Sharīf faced the "weak" (ḍaʿīf) . In this sense the term appears in the title of the genealogical work Ansāb al-ašrāf by al-Balādhurī (d. 892).

The ability to prove a relationship to the Prophet was considered early on as evidence of belonging to the Ashraf. For example, the Shiite poet Kumait praised the Hashimites as Sherif and Saiyids. As early as the 9th century, these Ashrāf were subordinate to a chairman (naqīb) in the Abbasid Empire .

According to as-Suyūtī (d. 1505) the term šarīf referred to every descendant of the Ahl al-bait in earlier times , regardless of whether he belonged to the Tālibids (descendants of Abū Tālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muttalib ) or the Abbasids . The Fatimids , as-Suyūtī explains, then restricted him to the descendants of al-Hasan and al-Husain. This meaning remained in the Mamluk and Ottoman times. The chairman of the Sherif, called Naqīb al-aschrāf in Arabic, kept a register of births and departures among the Sherif families, checked the correctness of these allegations when people claimed an Alidian origin, and monitored the behavior of the Sherif to hold them accountable for any excesses or breaches of duty.

From the 14th century, the Sherif ancestry in Iran and Egypt was made clear by a green turban or a green badge on the turban.

The Sherif of Mecca

The Sherif of Mecca had a wide network scherifischer families that until 1925 the rulers of approximately 968 Mecca presented. In European descriptions, from the middle of the 19th century onwards, the ruling Sherifs were also called Grand Sherifs to distinguish them from the other Sherifs . The descendants of the penultimate Sherif Hussain I ibn Ali , who proclaimed himself King of the Hejaz in 1916, give rise to the present-day dynasty of the Hashimites of Jordan .

The Sherifs of Morocco

The first important Sherif dynasty in the territory of Morocco were the Idrisids . During the Merinid period (1285–1465), Sharīf families were particularly closely tied to the court. The sherif of the various cities were each headed by a mitzwār ("chief"). When the mitzwar of Fez sought the advice of the Sultan Abū ʿInān Fāris , he and all those present used to stand up out of respect for him and his ancestor Mohammed. The mitzwār of Sabta had to pay tribute to the ruler on the prophet's birthday every year .

With the Saadians , for the first time a Sharīf family regained direct rule in Morocco . The Alavids , who rule Morocco to this day, are also a Sharif ruling family.

literature

  • C. van Arendonk et al. WA Graham: " Sh arīf". In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. IX, pp. 329b-337b.
  • Herman Leonard Beck: L'image d'Idrīs II, ses descendants de Fās et la politique sh arīfienne des sultans marīnides 656–869 / 1258–1465. Brill, Leiden, 1989, ISBN 90-04-09054-1 .
    Original: Idrīs de kleine en de idrīsidische Sh urafā 'in Fās tijdens de Marīnieden . Dissertation at the University of Leiden, 1984.
  • Patricia Crone : Slaves on horses: the evolution of the Islamic polity . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980. pp. 93-123.
  • Kazuo Morimoto (ed.): Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet Routledge, London, 2012.
  • Margit Pernau: Ashraf into middle classes: Muslims in nineteenth -‐‑ century Delhi. Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2013.
  • Stefan Reichmuth: Sharif. In: Encyclopedia of Modern Times . Edited by Friedrich Jaeger. On-line
  • Michael Winter: Ashrāf and naqābat al-ashrāf in Ottoman and modern times. In: Asian and African Studies. Volume 19, 1985, pp. 17-41.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 333.
  2. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 335a.
  3. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 330a.
  4. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 330b.
  5. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 331b.
  6. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 333b.
  7. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 331b.
  8. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 332a.
  9. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, pp. 333b-334a.
  10. ↑ Arendonk / Graham: " Sh arīf" in EI² Vol. IX, p. 334.
  11. ↑ Beck: L 'image d'Idrīs II . 1989, p. 180f.
  12. ↑ Beck: L 'image d'Idrīs II . 1989, p. 176.