Makruh
As Makrūh ( Arabic مكروه, DMG makrūh , also macrooh ), literally translated as “hated, frowned upon, disapproved”, is used in Islam to describe actions which religious beliefs do not appreciate and which should therefore be avoided. It is also common to speak of actions that are advised against. According to Islamic tradition, the Muslim is not punished for such actions, but rewarded for failing to do so. It is the fourth of the five categories of human action in Islamic jurisprudence .
Acts that are advised against include, for example, wasting water (e.g. during ritual ablutions) and disregarding popular or preferred acts - both during and outside of church services.
Generally, any excessive act is considered unpopular. According to some scholars, smoking is at least makrūh , others even call it harām (forbidden).
The Shafi'i still know an intermediate level in the evaluation of actions, which lies between makrūh and mubāh (“allowed”). It is referred to as chilāf al-aulā ("standing in contrast to the better"). For many acts, such as shaking off ( nafḍ ) the water or rubbing it dry ( tanšīf ) during ritual ablution , there was dissent as to whether they should be classified as makrūh or chilāf al-aulā .
literature
- Mathias Rohe: Islamic law. History and present. 2nd Edition. Munich 2009, p. 10.
Individual evidence
- ↑ See Joseph Schacht : Art. “Sharīʿa” in Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill, Leiden, 1913–1936. Vol. VII, 322b.
- ↑ Cf. Badr ad-Dīn az-Zarkašī: al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī uṣūl al-fiqh . Vol. I. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya, Beirut, 2000. p. 244.