al-Ahkam al-chamsa

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Al-Ahkām al-chamsa ( Arabic الأحكام الخمسة, DMG al-aḥkām al-ḫamsa  'the five assessments') are a concept of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ), which is used for the normative classification or evaluation of human actions. The five categories indicate the respective degree of obligation ( taklīf ).

The five categories into which human actions are classified are:

One of the first Muslim authors to mention the five categories in their entirety is ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī (980-1037). He writes in his book U adūl ad-Dīn ("The Basics of Religion"):

“The obligation ( taklīf ) is divided into five categories: the first is 'made binding' ( mūǧab ) and the second is 'forbidden' ( muḥarram ). The third is proof that the said thing is Sunnah, the fourth proof that it is frowned upon, the fifth proof that the said thing is permitted without being binding, forbidden, frowned upon or desired. The compulsory ( al-wāǧib ) is in truth that, the failure of which leads to punishment, and the forbidden ( al-ḥarām ) that, the commission of which leads to punishment. "

- ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī: Uṣūl al-Dīn

Ignaz Goldziher wrote:

According to the opinion of the Muslim theologians, not everything that is contained in the traditional sources of the Muslim law in the form of commandments and prohibitions, or prohibited, has the same degree of imperative or prohibitive power ... From this point of view, the legal science of Islam distinguishes Broad and all five categories "

literature

  • Kemal Faruki: Al-Aḥkām al- kh amsah: the Five Values . In: Islamic Studies , 5/1, March 1966, pp. 43–98.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baġdādī: Uṣūl ad-Dīn. Maṭbaʿat ad-Daula, Istanbul 1928, p. 208, line 12ff; Text archive - Internet Archive
  2. ↑ Ignaz Goldziher : The Ẓāhirites. Their teaching system and their history. A contribution to the history of Muslim theology . Leipzig 1884, p. 66; Text archive - Internet Archive