milking machine
The milking machine is a device to obtain milk from the udder of various agriculturally used dams (mostly cows) by milking .
history
The first attempts to facilitate milking began in Egypt around 400 BC. The farmers used wheat straws that were inserted into the milk teats for the milk flow.
Leighton O. Colvin patented his first milking machine in the United States in 1860. This milking machine was not successful because it injured the dairy cows. The Englishmen Kershaw and Calwin developed the first mechanical milking machine in London in 1862.
On September 8, 1879, Anna Corey Baldwin of Newark, New Jersey, developed a suction cup that was operated by a hand-operated air pump. The milk flowed into a pail.
A Scot developed a modern milking machine in 1889. In the same year the company Schütt & Ahrens from Stettin presented the model Distel , which was only used in milk production for a few years.
The engineer Gustav de Laval invented the so-called "lactator" in 1896 as an important part of the milking machine.
In the period from 1910 to 1914, milking machines began to gain acceptance and the German Agricultural Society tested some models in existing dairy cattle facilities. The company published the test results in its publication, “ Arbeit der Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft” . The models Revalo, Wallace, Alfa, Max, Omega, Heureka, Vaccar, Sharples and Dana were named.
In 1912, the German engineer Axel Sabroe from Hadersleben (Schleswig-Holstein) received a patent for his milking machine, which he called Dana .
In 1913, Macartney manufactured the Sharples milking machine / milk separator in Pennsylvania , USA. It was similar to the "Max" milking machine, except that it worked differently with diluted and compressed air and therefore needed a double pipeline. The pulsator was attached separately from the receiving milk can container and the rubber teat cups were stiffened in the lower area. There was a separate milk container for each cow. On the fringes of the winter assembly of the German Dairy Society in Berlin, a delegation visited Gut Birkholz in the Weissensee community near Berlin in 1913 to inspect a Sharples milking facility.
The DeLaval Milker was patented in 1917. Gustaf de Laval recognized the potential of the inventor Norman John Daysh from New Zealand and worked with him to develop a milking machine that used pulsating vacuum.
In 1971 the following models of milking systems were in operation in the GDR : Gaue, Person, Senior ideal, Simplex, Vaccar and Westfalia.
Milking machines have been in use since the 19th century, and electrically operated machines since the beginning of the 20th century.
Features and functions
Depending on the type of stall, there are now permanently installed milking systems ( milking parlors in loose stalls ), some of which are portable (in tubular milking systems in tied stalls or mobile ones in pastures ). Milking robots have been used in some farms since 1992 .
It consists of:
- two to four teat cups or teat cups , depending on the species,
- the milk claw, also known as the central (East German),
- short and long milk hoses,
- short and long air hoses,
- the pulsator,
- the milk pipe,
- the milk separator,
- a milk collection tank,
- the vacuum pump ( positive displacement or water ring pump )
- a cooling device and the cleaning device (usually cleaning machine).
The teat cups are put over the teats of the udder, to which a pulsating negative pressure is applied: negative pressure and relief (i.e. no negative pressure) usually alternate in a ratio of 3: 2. The negative pressure is selected so that a milking vacuum of approximately 40 kPa is applied to the teats (see air pressure at 101 kPa). The milking vacuum is defined as the difference between system pressure and atmospheric pressure, in this case of 40 kPa milking vacuum, the system pressure is 61 kPa. This high (side effect of the pulsation, also pulsating) negative pressure can at most be found as a maximum value in the teat part enclosed by the teat cup. The actual internal pressure of the udder, “further up” in the udder cistern, is usually 0–3 kPa overpressure (hydrostatic or (3–5 kPa) after stimulation).
The milk flows from the teat cups through the milk tubes into the milk separator. From there the milk is pumped into the milk cooling tank. There it is then cooled and stored until it is used or until it is transported for further processing.
See also
literature
- Frank Dittmann: About "stripping", sucking and pressing. On the history of machine milking . In: Technikgeschichte, Vol. 66 (1999), H. 4, pp. 259-275.
Web links
- Cow Milker Patents In: americanartifacts.com
Individual evidence
- ↑ Veronika Settele: Man, cow, machine. In: Mittelweg 36, issue 1/2017, p. 51 (PDF; 2.96 MB)
- ↑ Du Bois-Reymond, R. (René): 4000 years of pioneering work in the exact sciences , JA Stargardt, Berlin 1904, p. 229.
- ^ Inventions by Irving Robbin, Roland Weis p. 10
- ↑ Technology and agriculture: Landtechnischer Ratgeber, Volume 15, 1963, p. 204
- ^ Work, issues 254-258, 1914, p. 20
- ↑ Annual report on experiences and progress in the general field of agriculture, Volume 31, 1917, p. 370
- ^ Patent list: 1913, 1-24, p. 295
- ↑ Berlin Veterinary Weekly 1914 p. 175
- ↑ Milchwirtschaftliche Zeitung for the Alpine, Sudeten and Danube regions, volumes 21–22, 1914, p. 75
- ↑ Milchwirtschaftliches Zentralblatt, Volume 42, 1914, p. 160 and p. 253
- ↑ Susanne Meier: Milking technology: De Laval Milker brought a breakthrough. In: schweizerbauer.ch , October 22, 2017.
- ^ Agricultural Central Gazette: Dept. III: Tierzucht - Tierernahrung - Fischerei, Volume 16, Issues 1-6, Institute for Agricultural Information and Documentation (Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR) Akademie-Verlag., 1971, p. 25
- ^ Advertisement for a cow milking machine from 1873
- ↑ Electrically operated milking machines . In: Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, Volume 31, Issue 21 (May 26, 1910), p. 544.