Mesenchymal stem cell

Mesenchymal stem cells ( mesenchymal stem cells , MSC ) are multipotent progenitor cells of various cell types which are derived from mesenchyme derived. They can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells). Furthermore, a differentiation into neurons , astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (cells of the nervous system) could be observed.

definition

Mesenchymal stem cells have a high potential for proliferation and differentiation. Adult mesenchymal stem cells contribute to the maintenance and regeneration of supporting and connective tissue such as bones, cartilage, muscles, ligaments, tendons and adipose tissue. In addition, they support the growth and development of blood precursor cells in the bone marrow ( hematopoiesis ).

Characteristics

MSC can be isolated from almost all tissues (bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, muscle, liver tissue, blood, amniotic fluid). Due to the very high proportion of MSC and the good accessibility, MSC are often isolated from adipose tissue (e.g. from liposuction aspirates). Because of the heterogeneity of the purifications, the term mesenchymal stem / stroma cells (instead of mesenchyl stem cells) is preferred by the scientific community today. MSC can be cultivated and differentiated into different cells and tissues in vitro . The specific functional differentiation can be actively controlled by activating or suppressing genes; this leads to the formation of bone marrow stroma, which supports hematopoiesis, or they differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic cells.

In addition, differentiated MSC are able to transform into another tissue and adapt to new environmental conditions. Signal transmitters for these regeneration and growth processes are cell-cell contacts and the secretion of growth factors and cytokines .

Clinical significance

The extraction takes place mostly from the bone marrow (aspiration from the iliac crest , also shin or thigh bone ). In stem cell transplantation , the blood-forming components are transferred from the bone marrow (or also the peripheral blood) to the tumor patient who has previously been treated by whole-body radiation or high-dose chemotherapy ; The MSC play an essential role in rebuilding the destroyed bone marrow.

Tumors presumably derived from MSC are called soft tissue sarcomas ; In principle, they can arise anywhere in the body and account for around 6% of all cancers in children and adolescents.

literature

JH Bennett, CJ Joyner, JT Triffitt, ME Owen: Adipocytic cells cultured from marrow have osteogenic potential . In: J Cell Sci . tape 99 , Pt 1, 1991, pp. 131-139 , PMID 1757497 .
M. Galotto, G. Campanile, G. Robino, FD Cancedda, P. Bianco, R. Cancedda: Hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo further differentiation to osteoblast-like cells and participate in the initial bone formation in developing chick embryo . In: J Bone Miner Res . tape 9 , no. 8 , 1994, pp. 1239-1249 , PMID 7976506 .
MF Pittenger, AM Mackay, SC Beck, RK Jaiswal, R. Douglas, JD Mosca, MA Moorman, DW Simonetti, S. Craig, DR Marshak: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells . In: Science . tape 284 , no. 5411 , April 1999, p. 143-147 , PMID 10102814 .
KC Kemp, J. Hows, C. Donaldson: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells . In: Leukemia & Lymphoma . tape 46 , no. 11 , 2005, p. 1531-1544 , PMID 16236607 .
J. Treuner, I. Brecht: Soft tissue sarcomas. In: H. Gadner, G. Gaedicke, CH Niemeyer, J. Ritter (eds.): Pediatric hematology and oncology . Springer-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-540-03702-0 , p. 865.
EZ Keung, PJ Nelson, C. Conrad (2013): Concise review: genetically engineered stem cell therapy targeting angiogenesis and tumor stroma in gastrointestinal malignancy. In: Stem Cells , 31 (2), pp. 227-235, PMID 23132810 , doi: 10.1002 / stem.1269

Individual evidence

^ Nils H. Nicolay, Ramon Lopez Perez, Rainer Saffrich, Peter E. Huber: Radio-resistant mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of resistance and potential implications for the clinic . In: Oncotarget . tape 6 , no. 23 , June 8, 2015, ISSN 1949-2553 , p. 19366–19380 , doi : 10.18632 / oncotarget.4358 ( oncotarget.com [accessed November 15, 2017]).
↑ Cindy TJ van Velthoven, Annemieke Kavelaars, Cobi J. Heijnen: Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for neonatal ischemic brain damage . In: Pediatric Research . tape 71 , no. 4-2 , February 8, 2012, ISSN 1530-0447 , p. 474–481 , doi : 10.1038 / pr.2011.64 ( nature.com [accessed November 15, 2017]).

[1] Nils H. Nicolay, Ramon Lopez Perez, Rainer Saffrich, Peter E. Huber: Radio-resistant mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of resistance and potential implications for the clinic . In: Oncotarget . tape 6 , no. 23 , June 8, 2015, ISSN 1949-2553 , p. 19366–19380 , doi : 10.18632 / oncotarget.4358 ( oncotarget.com [accessed November 15, 2017]).

[2] Cindy TJ van Velthoven, Annemieke Kavelaars, Cobi J. Heijnen: Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for neonatal ischemic brain damage . In: Pediatric Research . tape 71 , no. 4-2 , February 8, 2012, ISSN 1530-0447 , p. 474–481 , doi : 10.1038 / pr.2011.64 ( nature.com [accessed November 15, 2017]).