Muhammad ibn Marwan

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Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam ( Arabic محمد بن مروان, died 719/720) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most important generals of the caliphate between 690 and 710. He completed the Arab conquest of Armenia . He defeated the Byzantines and conquered the Armenian territories, put down an Armenian rebellion in 704–705 and formed the Umayyad province, the Ostikanat Arminiya . His son Marwan II (ruled 744–750) was the last Umayyad caliph.

Life

Muhammad was the son of Caliph Marwan I (ruled 684-685) by a slave named Zaynab , and thus the half-brother of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (ruled 685-705).

When Marwan ascended the throne, he sent Muhammad to Upper Mesopotamia to secure Armenia. In 691 he commanded his brother's shock troops at the Battle of Maskin (معركة مسكن, Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq, معركة دير الجثاليق) against Musʿab ibn az-Zubair (the brother of the rival caliph Zubair from Mecca , ʿAbdallāh ). In 692/693 he defeated a Byzantine army at the Battle of Sebastopolis , among other things by convincing a large Slavic contingent of the imperial army to join him. The next year, with the help of the same Slavs, he invaded the Byzantine Asia Minor and won a victory against a Byzantine army near Germanikeia ; In 695 he sacked the province of Fourth Armenia .

From 699 to 701 he was with his nephew, Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik , in the region of Iraq sent to the governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in the suppression of the rebellion of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath to support. In 701, Muhammad advanced against the Byzantine-controlled Armenian territory east of the Euphrates and forced the population and the local governor, Baanes , to submit to the caliphate. Soon after his return trip, however, the Armenians rebelled and called on the Byzantines for help. Repeated campaigns 703 and 704 by Muhammad and Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik eradicated the resistance and Muhammad continued to secure Muslim control by carrying out a large-scale massacre of the Armenian princely families of the Nacharar in 705 .

When al-Walid I came to power in 705, Muhammad began to be ousted by his nephew Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik , who, like himself, had been born to a slave. Maslama took over the leadership of the campaigns against Byzantium and ultimately replaced Muhammad completely in his role as governor of Mesopotamia, Armenia and Azerbaijan in 709/10. Muhammad died in 719 or 720.

family

Muhammad was the father of the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan II (ruled 744-750), whom he got from a woman whose name was unknown, probably of non-Arab origin (according to some sources of Kurdish origin). Some sources also report that Muhammad acquired them as a prisoner in suppressing the revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr.

Muhammad was also married to two Quraishite women, Umm Jumayl bint Abd al-Rahman , the granddaughter of Zayd ibn al-Khattab of the Banu Adi clan , and Bint Yazid ibn Abd Allah , the granddaughter of Shayba ibn Rabi'a from the Clan of the Banu Abd Shams , the clan of origin of the Umayyad dynasty.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Zetterstéen 1993: 408.
  2. ↑ Donner 2014: 110.
  3. ↑ a b c Lilie et al. 1998: 322-323.
  4. ^ Treadgold 1997: 335-336.
  5. ^ Treadgold 1997: 339, 341.
  6. ↑ Hawting 1991: 623.
  7. ↑ Robinson 2020: 144.

swell

predecessor Office successor
- Emir of Arminiya
690-710 		Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim al-Bahili
personal data
SURNAME Muhammad ibn Marwan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; محمد بن مروان (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ummayad emir (arab general)
DATE OF BIRTH 7th century
DATE OF DEATH 719 or 720