Muschrik

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Muschrik , also Mushrik ( Arabic مشرك, DMG mušrik ) is a term from the vocabulary of the Koran that denotes the one who associates other deities with God ( shirk ). The term, which in its plural form muschrikūn (مشركون / mušrikūn ) met for the first time in Central Meccan times , there denotes the Meccan opponents of Muhammad . Often it is translated as " polytheists ", but according to recent research it is more likely to mean henotheists , i.e. people who worship a high god who rules over a larger pantheon, or monotheists who invoke a highest god over mediators. The term had a polemical quality from the beginning and served in the Medina to justify the struggle of the Muslims against the Meccans who were hostile to them.

The Islamic doctrine differentiates when considering people of different faiths between the Muschrikūn and the followers of a book religion , so-called " writers ". While the latter are not among the unbelievers , but from a religious point of view have a status close to unbelief , the Muschrikūn are considered unbelievers who, in the classical Islamic legal system, had to be fought against and killed in the course of rejecting Islam.

The Hanbali scholar Ibn Taimiya applied the term in general to all people who practice grave cults, for example aligning themselves with a grave when praying, regardless of whether these people profess Islam or not.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Angelika Neuwirth : The Koran as a text of late antiquity. A European approach. Berlin 2010. pp. 337f.
  2. ↑ Albrecht Noth: Early Islam . In: Ulrich Haarmann (Hrsg.): History of the Arab world . CH Beck, 1991. p. 43
  3. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition. Brill, suffering. Vol. 9, p. 484, sv "Shirk"
  4. ↑ "... the Gentiles only had to choose between conversion and death, while Christians (and Jews) were allowed to maintain their faith when paying tribute ...", cf. Paret, Rudi: Der Koran, Commentary and Concordance, 2012, 8th edition, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, p. 199 (Commentary on 9:29)
  5. ↑ See his work Qāʿida ǧalīla fī t-tawassul wa-l-wasīla . Beirut 1979. p. 153.

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