Open reading frame

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As open reading frame (ORF) or open reading frame (as a translation of English . Open reading frame , ORF ) in which is genetics that region of the DNA or mRNA referred whose reading frame between a start codon and the first stop codon in the same reading frame is located. The open reading frame potentially codes for the amino acid sequence of a peptide (short sequence) or protein (long sequence). An alternative definition is that an ORF starts and ends at stop codons.

Schematic representation of DNA with an ORF between the start and stop codon . This area is usually also translated after transcription . This area coding for protein is usually flanked by untranslated regions (UTR), which are also overwritten in mRNA, but not translated. (UTRs are not shown in the scheme)

Open reading frames are surrounded by non-coding regions of the gene, the 5 'UTR region and the 3' UTR region (UTR for untranslated region ). These are regions of a gene that are transcribed into mRNA during transcription, but do not code for an amino acid sequence during translation . These areas also contain important information for the translation of the open reading frame.

The ORFeom refers to the entirety of all open reading frames of a genome, or the complete ORF collection of cDNA clones of an organism.

Bacterial mRNAs often carry several ORFs in a transcriptional unit. In this case it is called an operon and the mRNA is called polycistronic .

In eukaryotic genes, the ORF is often interrupted by introns that are cut out during the processing of the mRNA during splicing . Through alternative splicing of a plurality of protein variants is possible.

literature

  • Rolf Knippers: Molecular Genetics. 8th revised edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart et al. 2001, ISBN 3-13-477008-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Claverie, J.-M. (1997) Computational methods for the identification of genes in vertebrate genomic sequences. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 , 1735-1744.
  2. ↑ P. Sieber, M. Platzer, S. Schuster (2018) The definition of open reading frame revisited. Trends Genet. 34 , 167-170.
  3. ^ SV Rajagopala, N. Yamamoto, AE Zweifel, T. Nakamichi, HK Huang, JD Mendez-Rios, J. Franca-Koh, MP Boorgula, K. Fujita, K. Suzuki, JC Hu, BL Wanner, H. Mori, P. Uetz: The Escherichia coli K-12 ORFeome: a resource for comparative molecular microbiology. In: BMC genomics. Volume 11, August 2010, p. 470, doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2164-11-470 , PMID 20701780 , PMC 3091666 (free full text).
  4. ↑ The ORFeome Collaboration: a genome-scale human ORF-clone resource. In: Nature methods. Volume 13, Number 3, March 2016, pp. 191-192, doi : 10.1038 / nmeth.3776 , PMID 26914201 .