Officia oratoris
As officia oratoris ( Latin officium , "task", "duty"; orator "speaker") in the broader sense, the tasks of the speaker are referred to in Roman theory of rhetoric . In the Latin tradition, the term is usually equated with the five production stages of speech. Accordingly, the speaker is bound to certain production stages when writing his speech, which must be passed through one after the other (inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, actio ). In addition, the term is associated with the "types of effects" ( Ueding ) or "effects functions" ( Dockhorn ) of the speech . According to this view, the speaker's job is to act on the audience in different ways in order to achieve his or her goal. Depending on the situation or the subject of the speech, he will choose a more intellectual, rational or emotional approach to the audience as a suitable tactic. The Roman rhetoric differentiated three types of effects and designated them with the terms “docere / probare”, “conciliare / delectare” and “movere / flectere”.
“Ita omnis ratio dicendi tribus ad persuadendum rebus est nixa: ut probemus vera esse, quae defendimus; ut conciliemus eos nobis, qui audiunt; ut animos eorum, ad quemcumque causa postulabit motum , vocemus. "
"All of the rhetoric focuses on three factors that serve conviction: proving the truth of what we represent, gaining the sympathy of our audience, and influencing their feelings in terms of what the subject matter requires."
docere
The “docere” (Latin: to teach, to teach) is the type of effect “which aims at a rational process of knowledge and addresses the intellectual abilities of the addressee” ( Ueding, Gert : Classic Rhetorik, p. 75). The creation of an intellectual conviction can be based on rational reasoning or it can take the form of simply communicating facts. In this sense, a distinction is made between two degrees of intensity of the "docere":
- the communication (e.g. list of facts, communication of the purpose of the speech, objective presentation of a fact or event)
- the proof (e.g. as an argument or complex reasoning)
“Ad probandum autem duplex est oratori subiecta materies: una rerum earum, quae non excogitantur ab oratore, sed in re positae ratione tractantur, ut tabulae, testimonia, pacta conventa, quaestiones, leges, senatus consulta, res iudiquata, decreta, responsa , si quae sunt, quae non reperiuntur ab oratore, sed ad oratorem a causa atque a reis deferuntur; altera est, quae tota in disputatione et in argumentatione oratoris conlocata est. "
"The speaker has twofold evidence , firstly about the things that one cannot think of as a speaker, which rather lie in the matter and must be treated methodically, such as documents, testimony, contracts, agreements, embarrassing questioning, laws, Senate resolutions, judicial decisions, edicts, legal advice and whatever else is not found out by the speaker, but brought to him by the matter and the accused; the other is what depends entirely on the presentation and argumentation of the speaker. "
delectare
The “delectare” (Latin: to delight) serves the “partisan arousal of gentle affects ” ( Lausberg, Heinrich : Elements of literary rhetoric, p. 69), thus leaving the realm of strict rationality. The gentle affects include a. Benevolence and pleasure. Pleasure can e.g. B. be evoked in the audience by the linguistic beauty of the speech, its rhetorical embellishment (ornatus). The benevolence, the liking of the audience, wins (conciliare) the speaker according to Cicero et al. a. through a skilful self-presentation .
“Valet igitur multum ad vincendum [...] animos eorum, apud quos agetur, conciliari quam maxime ad benevolentiam cum erga oratorem tum erga illum, pro quo dicet orator. Conciliantur autem animi dignitate hominis, rebus gestis, existimatione vitae; quae facilius ornari possunt, si modo sunt, quam fingi, si nulla sunt. Sed haec adiuvant in oratore: lenitas vocis, vultus pudoris significatio, verborum comitas. "
“So it is of great value for success that one knows how to win the hearts of the audience for the most benevolent attitude possible towards both the speaker and especially the speaker's client . But hearts can be won by the dignity of a person, his deeds and the judgment of his lifestyle. These assets are easier to highlight effectively when they are present than to invent when they are not. But this impression is supported by the speaker's soft voice, a shy expression on his face and an amiable expression. "
movere
The "movere" (Latin: to move, to shake) is used to excite strong affects such as B. Fear and Hatred. This type of effect can develop a tremendous manipulative power. The audience is not argumentative convinced , but persuaded .
“Plura enim multo homines iudicant odio aut amore aut cupiditate aut iracundia aut dolore aut laetitia aut spe aut timore aut errore aut aliqua permotione mentis quam veritate aut praescripto aut iuris norma aliqua aut iudici formula aut legibus."
“People decide much more out of hatred or love, desire or anger, pain or joy, hope or fear, out of an error or a movement of the mind than according to the truth or a rule, according to any legal norm or procedural formula or according to laws . "
literature
- Cicero: De oratore. About the speaker. Transl. And ed. by Harald Merklin. 4th edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2001
- Lausberg, Heinrich: Elements of literary rhetoric. 4th edition. Hueber, Munich 1971
- Ueding, Gert: Classical rhetoric. 3. Edition. Beck, Munich 2000
Individual evidence
- ^ German translation from: Cicero: De oratore. About the speaker. Transl. And ed. by Harald Merklin. 4th edition Reclam, Stuttgart 2001, p. 279