Operation Black Tulip

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Displaced family in West Germany, 1948

Operation "Black Tulip" was the name of the expulsion campaign of Germans and Austrians from the Netherlands after the Second World War. The Dutch government's plan envisaged the expulsion of all citizens of German descent as part of a political cleansing. It is the largest eviction in the history of the Netherlands, initiated by the Dutch Justice Minister Hans Kolfschoten . A total of around 25,000 people were to be deported to Germany accordingly; in fact, a little under 15% (3,691 people) of the German minority were deported. The Dutch wives of men of German descent were also affected by the deportation. The assets of Germans living in the Netherlands were confiscated, this was finally recorded by law in 1967 and affected assets totaling half a billion euros.

Operation "Black Tulip" began in 1946 and was discontinued at the end of 1948 at the instigation of the Allies after the outbreak of the Cold War , as West Germany was to be integrated into the Western Union.

aims

In the opinion of the cultural anthropologist and scholar Angela Boone, the Dutch government did not want to punish the Nazi collaborators or war criminals with the operation , but primarily intended the expropriation and expulsion of all Germans and Austrians and their relatives from the Netherlands.

Victim

The operation only affected a few NSDAP members or Nazi collaborators. The victims included many innocents and even Jewish Holocaust survivors who sought refuge in the Netherlands were expelled from the country. Quite a few guest workers and housemaids were also evicted. German-Dutch families were also expelled from the country. The displaced came from large cities and metropolitan areas such as Rotterdam as well as from border regions of the European region . In the 1950s, the evicted people united in Gronau in the western Münsterland as a union of expellees from the west .

literature

  • Jan Sintemaartensdijk, Yfke Nijland: Operatie Black Tulip - The expulsion of German citizens after the war (“De uitzetting van Duitse burgers na de oorlog”). Boom Verlag, 176 pages, ISBN 978-908506808-2

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Marlene Nowotny: The expulsion of the "Germans". ORF - Ö1-Wissenschaft, December 1, 2017, accessed on December 16, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b c Deutschlandfunk: Operation "Schwarze Tulpen" Article and radio report (audio-on-demand). Accessed in April 2010
  3. ↑ a b Christine Gundermann: The reconciled citizens: The Second World War in German-Dutch encounters 1945-2000 (civil society communication processes from the 19th century to the present) . Waxmann, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8309-3129-4 , pp. 178 .
  4. ↑ Friederike Lorenz: Operatie "Black Tulip" - of war and displacement. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NetherlandNet - Center for Dutch Studies, September 2011, accessed on January 25, 2019 .
  5. ^ Institute for Research of Expelled Germans: Black Tulip: Expelling German 'Hostile Citizens' from the Netherlands. . Accessed April 2010

Web links