Orthocentrinae

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Orthocentrinae
Plectiscus ridibundus

Plectiscus ridibundus

Systematics
Order : insects
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Waist Wasps (Apocrita)
Partial order : Legimmen (Terebrantia)
Family : Wasps (Ichneumonidae)
Subfamily : Orthocentrinae
Scientific name
Orthocentrinae
Forester, 1869

Orthocentrinae is a relatively small sub-family of parasitic wasps with more than 500 species in 31 genera (see below). The extent and structure of the subfamily are by no means clear, it is one of the least researched parasitic wasps, and even the European species are still insufficiently known. The subfamily is distributed worldwide and in recent years many species have been newly described in the tropics.

morphology

The Orthocentrinae are small to medium-sized, mostly inconspicuous parasitic wasps, whose front wings are 2 to 9 mm long. The head usually looks triangular from the front, the clypeus is usually small and strongly convex. The ovipositor is only short to moderately long.

Way of life

A parasitic wasp of the subfamily Orthocentrinae lays its eggs in a mushroom fruiting body. Recorded in a forest near Marburg.

All species for which biology is known are endoparasitoids of mosquitoes , especially fungus mosquitoes and fungus gnats . The hosts often develop in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms, the parasitic wasps sting the fly larvae in the fruiting bodies. In Europe, they sometimes swarm in large numbers in moist, shady habitats, similar to Oxytorinae .

Systematics

The systematics of the Orthocentrinae is still very unclear, many genera and species urgently need to be examined more closely. Whether the Orthocentrinae are monophyletic is supported by various studies, but is not certain. In the basic system of Townes, the Orthocentrinae were divided into two subfamilies, the Orthocentrinae s. st. ( Orthocentrus group) and the Microleptinae (with the Helictes group), the latter representing a "wastebasket". The Orthocentrus group is likely to be monophyletic and contains the following genera (but not all of them are likely to be monophyletic): Orthocentrus, Neurateles, Plectiscus, Picrostigeus, Batakomacrus, Chilocyrtus and Stenomacrus.

Genera

Gnathocoris flavipes
  • Aniseres Förster, 1871: 7 species distributed worldwide
  • Aperileptus Förster, 1869: 18 species, Palaearktis, Nearctis, Afrotropis,
  • Apoclima Förster, 1869: 7 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic
  • Atabulus Rossem, 1988: 1 species, Russia
  • Batakomacrus Kolarov, 1986: 3 species, Europe and Canada
  • Catastenus Förster, 1869: 3 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropic
  • Chilocyrtus Townes, 1971: 2 species. Afrotropic, Neotropic, Oriental and Japan
  • Dialipsis Förster, 1869: 3 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic
  • Entypoma Förster, 1869: 6 species, Palearctic, Nearctic
  • Eusterinx Förster, 1869: 21 species, Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical
  • Fennomacrus Humala, 2008: 1 species, Finland
  • Gnathochorisis Förster, 1869: 15 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental
  • Helictes Haliday, 1837: 11 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical
  • Hemiphanes Förster, 1869: 7 species, Palaearctic, Oriental
  • Hyperacmus Holmgren, 1858: 5 species, Palaearctic, Nearctic, Oriental
  • Othocentrus ashaninka from the rainforest of Peru (specimen from the Munich State Zoological Collection )
    Megastylus Schiødte, 1838: 27 species, worldwide (parasitize on predatory larvae of longhorn mosquitoes )
  • Neoproclitus Dasch, 1992: 1 Art, Nearktisch
  • Neurateles Ratzeburg, 1848: 6 species, Palearctic, Near Eastern
  • Orthocentrus panguana from the rainforest of Peru (specimen from the Munich State Zoological Collection )
    Orthocentrus margarethae from the rainforest of Peru (preparation of the Zoological State Collection Munich )
    Orthocentrus Gravenhorst, 1829:     Distributed worldwide, at least 157 species, many of which have only recently been newly described from the Neotropics and South Korea.
  • Pantisarthrus Förster, 1871: 6 species, Holarctic, Oceania
  • Picrostigeus Förster, 1869: 8 species, Europe, USA
  • Plectiscidea Viereck, 1914: 96 species, worldwide, except Orientalis
  • Plectiscus Gravenhorst, 1829: 11 species, Holarctic, Afrotropic
  • Proclitus Förster, 1869: 24 species, worldwide, except Orientalis
  • Proeliator Rossem, 1982: 24 species, worldwide, except Orientalis
  • Scutellator Kasparyan & Humala, 1995: 2 species, fossil, from the Eocene,
  • Sphingozona Townes, 1971: 2 species, Brazil, Peru
  • Stenomacrus Förster, 1869: 73 species, worldwide, not monophyletic, especially many species in temperate latitudes
  • Symplecis Förster, 1869: 14 species, worldwide
  • Tariqia Rousse & Villemant, 2012: 1 Art, Reunion
  • Terminator Humala, 2007: 2 types, Russia

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Yu, DS, Van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K .: Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Database on flash-drive . In: taxapad.com . Ottawa, Ontario 2012.
  2. ^ AE Humala: New species of Orthocentrinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Finland . In: Entomologica Fennica . tape 19 , 2008, p. 94-104 , doi : 10.33338 / ef.84419 .
  3. ↑ a b A. E. Humala: Mexican species of the genus Orthocentrus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) . In: Zootaxa . tape 4709 , no. 1 , 2019.
  4. ^ A b H. Goulet & JT Huber: Hymenptera of the world: An identification guide to families . Ottawa, Ontario 1993, ISBN 0-660-14933-8 , pp. 438 .
  5. ^ I. Gauld, B. Bolton: The Hymenoptera . Oxford Univ. Press, 1988, pp. 207 .
  6. ↑ GR Broad: Status of Batakomacrus Kolarov (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae), with new generic combinations and description of a new species . In: Zootaxa . tape 2394 , 2010, p. 51-68 .
  7. ↑ HK Townes: The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4 . In: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute . tape 17 , 1971, p. 1–372 (quoted from: Benett et al. 2019: Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)).
  8. ↑ Andrew MR Bennett, Sophie Cardinal, Ian D. Gauld, David B. Wahl: Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) . In: J. Hymenoptera Res. Band 71 , 2019, p. 1–156 , doi : 10.3897 / year 71.32375 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Gavin R. Broad: Status of Batakomacrus Kolarov (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae), with new generic combinations and description of a new species . In: Zootaxa . tape 2394 , 2010, p. 51-68 , doi : 10.5281 / zenodo.193913 .
  10. ↑ Andrei E. Humala, Jin-Kyung Choi, Jong-Wook Lee: A review of the genera Gnathochorisis Förster and Symplecis Förster of South Korea, with notes on Korean orthocentrines (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae) . In: zookeys . tape 562 , 2016, p. 85-105 , doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.562.7303 .
  11. ↑ a b Veijalainen, Anu, Gavin R. Broad & Ilari E. Sääksjärvi .: Twenty seven new species of Orthocentrus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Orthocentrinae) with a key to the Neotropical species of the genus . In: Zootaxa . tape 3768 , no. 3 , 2014, p. 201-252 ( biotaxa.org ).
  12. ↑ Kees (CJ) Zwakhals & Erich Diller: Eight new Orthocentrus species from South America (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae) . In: Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges. Band 105 , 2015, p. 65-78 .
  13. ^ Andrei E. Humala, Jong-Wook Lee, Jin-Kyung Choi: A review of the genus Orthocentrus Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae) from South Korea . In: J. Hymeonoptera Res. Band 75 , 2020, p. 15-65 , doi : 10.3897 / year 75.47006 .