Orthogonal and embedding methods

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Orthogonal and embedding methods

The orthogonal and embedding method is a geodetic measuring method that is used in particular for cadastral surveys . With this method, points to be determined in terms of location, such as boundary and building points, are measured on measurement lines. Conversely, that is staking of specified dimensions in the locality possible. The method is based on measurement lines between known measurement points , which can be supplemented with additional measurement lines if necessary. The connection points must already be mapped in the cadastral map or the coordinates must be known.

Pure integration process

execution

First of all, the start and end points of the measurement lines are signaled by leveling poles. Then when are Einbindeverfahren the borders or building sites into existing measurement lines involved , d. H. new measurement lines are laid through these points to be measured and the intersection of these lines with the existing lines is formed. The distance between the individual points and the starting point of the line is then measured with a measuring tape in each measurement line.

With the orthogonal method, the points to be measured are angled onto a measurement line with an angled prism . This means that the plumb line of each point on the measurement line is determined. Then, as with the integration process, the distance between this plumb line and the starting point of the line ( abscissa ) and the distance between the angled point and the line ( ordinate ) are measured. The abscissa and ordinate are local rectangular coordinates. With the orthogonal method, new measurement lines should be laid in such a way that the distances between the points to be measured and the line are as small as possible.

These two methods are usually used in combination. Therefore, the orthogonal method is often used simply (e.g. NRW surveying point decree ). Based on the measured abscissas and ordinates, the new points can be mapped into a map, or coordinates can be calculated.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of this process include a. the clear recording geometry, the possibility of being able to read off dimensions such as limit lengths directly from the measurement documents, and the low acquisition costs. Disadvantages are that there has to be a line of sight between the start and end point of a measurement line, and the low accuracy, especially with long measurement lines or steep terrain. The orthogonal and integration process is therefore rarely used today. It has largely been replaced by polar imaging with total stations and by measuring with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) , with differential methods such as DGPS being used.