Parasuicide

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The term parasuicide refers to any non-fatal act of a person that is intentionally carried out in a self-harming way .

In 1969 the term “parasuicide” was first introduced by Kreitman et al. on the grounds that a large number of people who have attempted suicide had no intention of killing themselves. Stengel (1969, p. 74) wrote: “Most people who commit suicide do not want to either die or live. They want both at the same time, usually one more than the other. "

Definitions

Parasuicide is, according to the more recent definition, self-initiated, willful behavior by a person who injures himself or attempts suicide without actually losing his life as a result. Möller (1994) defines parasuicide “as an act with a non-fatal outcome in which a person intentionally inflicts injury or damage to himself”. Wedler (1988) estimates that around 10 percent of all parasuicides later die of suicide .

Friedemann Ficker 1977 describes acts of self-harm with suicidal intent as "suicidal acts". In 1986, Schier used the term “suicidal behavior” and thus also included suicidal tendencies. (see also suicidality )

In the current classification systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV , the term parasuicide is not used, but is summarized as deliberate self-harm (X60-84 of ICD-10). These include suicides or attempts to kill them, as well as willful self-inflicted poisoning or injuries.

Suicide attempt

According to Seyfried (1995), attempted suicide refers to all actions or omissions "which have the direct or indirect aim of one's own death, but do not lead to it".

In the specialist literature, the term suicide attempt is occasionally used synonymously with the term parasuicide. The term parasuicide is preferred when the focus is not on the intention of suicide, but rather on the associated dynamics. This can happen , for example, through an overdose of medication or addictive substances, self-harming or reckless, planned or impulsive behavior.

According to Möller et al. A suicide attempt is deliberate self-harm with the aim and the possibility of a fatal outcome. The term parasuicide, on the other hand, defines an act with a non-fatal outcome in which a person deliberately inflicts injuries or takes medication or drugs outside the effective range.

The Pschyrembel defines attempted suicide as suicide intent without fatal outcome and parasuicide as intentionally self-injurious behavior without fatal consequences, for example through cuts or burns, drug overdose, jumping from a small height.

According to the definition of the WHO , suicide attempt refers to “any act with a non-fatal outcome in which the individual either deliberately displays non-habitual behavior that would cause self-harm without third-party intervention, or deliberately ingests a substance in a dose that exceeds that a dose that is prescribed or generally considered to be therapeutic and which aims to effect change through current or anticipated consequences ”.

Suicide attempts in the adolescence phase are divided into different degrees of severity: In the case of lighter ones, the interactive character often predominates. For suicidality more broadly as passive or avoid behaviors such as withdrawal include (Parasuicidal pause), or running away. In epidemiological studies, the frequency of suicide attempts was found to be between 0.2 and 18 percent. Statistically, experiments are most common in adolescents, young adults and women.

Motif shapes

A distinction can be made between different forms of parasuicide, which can be associated with different motives, different degrees of death intent and a different degree of planning of the action:

  • Appellative parasuicide. The focus is on the appellative character or the desire for a break. One example of this is the one-off superficial addition of cuts in a crisis situation.
  • Manipulative parasuicide. The focus here is on the manipulative character. An example would be an intoxication with painkillers, which does not remain secret, but is reported immediately.
  • Highly suicidal parasuicide. The suicidal intention is in the foreground and is very pronounced. An example would be an accidental discovery of an otherwise precisely planned action that would have been fatal without discovery.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Phenomenology of suicide p. 10
  2. ↑ Suicidality in children and adolescents ( memento of the original from April 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uni-duesseldorf.de
  3. ↑ ICD-10-GM Version 2009 ( Memento of the original from March 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dimdi.de
  4. ↑ Möller, H.-J. et al. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Thieme 2005, p. 384
  5. ↑ Pschyrembel 261st edition
  6. ↑ German Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2003 p. 303
  7. ↑ Evans E et al., The prevalence of suicidal phenomena in adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior (2005), 35 (3), 239-50

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