Predication
Predication (from the Latin praedicare : 'make known', 'exclaim' or praedicatio : 'statement', 'announcement') is a (linguistic) philosophical term that describes a linguistic act through which an object ( thing , object , state of affairs ) Properties are assigned or denied.
General
In logic, the expression referring to an object is also called the nominator , the expression describing a property (in the broad sense) is also called the predicator . Then, like Wilhelm Kamlah in his Logical Propaedeutics, predication can also be defined as a linguistic act in which an object is identified by using the nominator and predicator and properties are assigned or denied to it.
The predication effects a classification or categorization . Linguistic distinctions are made through a predication. Together with the reference, the predication leads to the linguistic "organization of the world".
In addition, predication can also be the result of the predication as an action, i.e. H. denote the statement itself or the relation of an object to a predicate (property, relation), d. H. the utterance of a statement, the statement or the content / content of the statement ( proposition ).
By Kuno Lorenz , Paul Lorenzen and Wilhelm Kamlah predication was talking philosophically and action theory as part of the logical Propädeutik early Erlanger Constructivism clarified.
Linguistic process
In order to express a predication linguistically, one uses a logical statement or a logical judgment . In the early phases of language development, one-word sentences are sufficient; Theo Herrmann (1972).
As a rule, the predication is used to explain either the object using the category (e.g. this is an asparagus peeler ) or the category using the example of the object (e.g. linden trees are trees, oaks are trees, firs are trees ).
If a property (so-called single-digit predicator) is assigned or denied to only one object, this simple predication leads to an elementary proposition . Example: This encyclopedia is extensive or: This article is not long. Kamlah's example of an elementary predication is "This is a bassoon". This sentence could occur in a conversation between a music teacher and a student while the teacher is pointing at a certain instrument (so-called deictic act ). While others (parents, teachers) repeat predications, we learn by example and counterexample (Kamlah: "This is a bassoon; that is not a bassoon (but a clarinet).") The concepts of everyday language, namely the words and at the same time the categories , that they designate.
Relations
A more complex predication takes place when using multi-digit predicates (relations). Example: The two-digit predicate "x loves y" is predicated by the people (objects, arguments) <Otto> and <Yvonne>, so that the statement is made: "Otto loves Yvonne".
"... are friends" and "... play with each other" are examples of predicators with any number of digits. In more general terms, predication is the speech act to which an object (or several objects, an n- tuple ) is assigned or denied a property (a characteristic / attribute, an n-digit predicate ).
Speech act theory
Predicting can be done by either replacing (in the single-digit case) the variable of a predicate with a proper name (example: predicate = “x is extensive” → “This encyclopedia is extensive.”) Or quantifying a predicate.
From the perspective of speech act theory , the propositional act takes place through the partial acts of predication and reference . In the reference act, the speaker refers to objects and facts (of the real world). Through the predication, he assigns certain properties to these referents .
First and second level predication
The fundamental distinction for a predication theory is that between first-level predication and second-level predication : the first-level predication is the “characteristic description” and the second-level predication is the “determination that the description is fulfilled by the reference object”. In the case of the first-level predication, only proper names come into question as arguments, while the second-level predication expresses a relation whose argument is a pair consisting of a first-level predicator and a nominator.
literature
- Bußmann: Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft , 3rd ed. (2002) / Predication.
- Wilhelm Kamlah and Paul Lorenzen : Logical Propaedeutics. Preschool of Sensible Speaking . Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1967, 1973 ( BI-HTB 227 ); Metzler, Stuttgart ³1996. ISBN 3-476-01371-5 .
- Kuno Lorenz : Elements of language criticism. An alternative to dogmatism and skepticism in analytical philosophy . Suhrkamp ( theory series ), Frankfurt 1970.
- Prechtl, in: Metzler Lexicon Language. 3rd edition (2005) / predication.
- Rainbow / Meyer: Dictionary of Philosophical Terms (2005) / Predication.
swell
- ^ Wilhelm Kamlah , Paul Lorenzen : Logical Propädeutik. Preschool for Sensible Speech , Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, 1967
- ↑ Schülerduden, Philosophie, 2nd edition (2002), predication; According to Regenbogen / Meyer, Dictionary (2005) / Predication Probably only simple predicates
- ↑ a b c Regenbogen / Meyer, Dictionary of Philosophical Terms (2005) / Predication
- ↑ cf. Bussmann, Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, 3rd edition (2002) / predication, speaking of the relationship between argument and predicate
- ^ Friedrich Dorsch: Psychological dictionary , Verlag Hans Huber, 1994
- ↑ Student dudes: Philosophy. 2nd edition (2002), predication; agreement is also important, cf. Seiffert, Logic (1973), p. 23
- ^ Brandt / Dietrich / Schön: Linguistics. 2nd edition (2006), p. 293
- ^ Bußmann: Lexicon of Linguistics. 3rd edition (2002) / predication (2)
- ^ So Prechtl, in: Metzler-Lexikon Sprach. 3rd edition (2005) / predication