Puzur-Inšušinak

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Lion of Puzur-Inšušinak
Cult statue of Narundi
Votive stone

Puzur-Inšušinak (reading in Akkadian, in Elamite: Kutik-Inšušinak) is an Elamite king who lived around 2100 BC. Ruled (the annual dates are not certain and vary in research by more than 100 years). He seems to have waged numerous campaigns. A text from Isin in Mesopotamia is known to have been a contemporary of Ur-Nammu .

Puzur-Inšušinak is the first Elamite ruler, from whom a significant number of contemporary inscriptions have been preserved. Simpi'ishhuk is called his father, but he was not king. Susa was under Akkadian rule before his reign. With the end of the empire, local rulers came to power everywhere. Puzur-Inšušinak may also be counted among them.

In total, the inscriptions that have been preserved consist of 12 texts, most of which are dedicatory inscriptions to various deities. An inscription also reports on the conquest of 81 cities (or towns). Another reports the opening of a channel . The ruler has different titles in his different texts. This gave rise to the assumption that the various titles ( ensi von Susa - governor; lugal - king) reflect his political career. Since the texts are not dated more precisely, this can neither be proven nor refuted. Most of the evidence for the Elamite script can be dated under Puzur-Inšušinak, so that it can be assumed that he introduced this script. With his death it also disappeared again.

origin

The origin of the ruler is controversial in research. There are four different scenarios

  • He was a Susa man who made a career in the Akkadian administration. He appears on various monuments with Akkadian titles.
  • He was a king who came from the highlands of Elam and conquered Susa. The inscription from Isin describes him as King of Elam .
  • He was a king of Awan . An inscription from Susa describes him as King of Awan and mighty King of Awan . In a list of kings he appears as the last ruler of the Awan dynasty.
  • He was a king of Anshan .

Monuments

  • Clay nails from the so-called Acropole and other places in Susa. Here he bears the title ensi . His father is also called Simpi'ishhuk on them.
  • Votive stone. Louvre Sb 6. A votive stone bears the not well preserved representation of a snake winding around a hole, which is probably the center of the stone, on the top. On the front is the half-kneeling figure of a god with an oversized nail in her arms. Similar representations are known from Mesopotamia. Such stones were used as foundations when building a temple and were supposed to protect the temple symbolically. There are inscriptions on the object in Akkadian and Elamite. The object probably comes from the Inšušinak temple and is attested.
  • The remains of perhaps two stairs (stone steps are preserved) bear Akkadian and Elamite inscriptions. Puzur-Inšušinak is referred to as ensi from Susa.
  • A statue shows the ruler in a long robe. Only the lower half has been preserved. Enemies who have been defeated are listed on the base.
  • Another statue shows Puzur-Inšušinak sitting. Only the lower half has been preserved. There is an Akkadian inscription on the statue. She celebrates the victory over Kimaš and Hurti. 81 cities or regions have been conquered. A certain King Šimaški submitted.
  • A statuette about 15 cm high is made of alabaster or limestone. The inscription indicates Puzur-Inšušinak aks ensi from Susa and KIŠ.NITA of the country of Elam. Also the father Šimpi-išhuk: is mentioned.
  • A cult statue of the goddess Narunte . Louvre Sb 54. It bears inscriptions in Akkadian and Elamite. In the Acadian inscription, Puzur-Inšušinak is referred to as ensi of Susa. The goddess is mentioned in the Elamite inscription. The face of the 109 cm high statue is only roughly worked, but was once perhaps gilded. The eyes may have been inlaid with shell and lapis lazuli . Lions are depicted on the throne.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), pp. 170-171
  2. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), pp. 173-175
  3. ^ Béatrice André = Salvini: Votive boulder of Puzur-Inshushinak , in: Prudence O. Harper, Joan Arux, Françoise Tallon (eds.): The Royal City of Susa , New York 1992, ISBN 0-87099-651-7 , p 88-90
  4. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), p. 175
  5. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), pp. 176-179, plate. 3
  6. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), pp. 179-180, plate. 4th
  7. ↑ Javier Álvarez-Mon: in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), pp. 185-186, plate. 7a
  8. ^ Béatrice André = Salvini: Statue of the goddess Narundi / Narunte , in: Prudence O. Harper, Joan Arux, Françoise Tallon (eds.): The Royal City of Susa , New York 1992, ISBN 0-87099-651-7 , P. 90

literature

  • DT Potts: The Archeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, pp. 122-127
  • Javier Álvarez-Mon: Puzur-Inšušinak, Last King of Akkad? Test, Image and Context Reconsidered , in: Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Doris Prechel, Alexander Pruss (Eds.): Elam and its Neighbors Recent Research and New Perspectives. , Elamica 8 (2018), Hildesheim 2018. ISBN 978-3-88120-868-0 , pp. 169-215

See also

personal data
SURNAME Puzur-Inšušinak
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Elamite king
DATE OF BIRTH 22nd century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 22nd century BC BC or 21st century BC Chr.