Pyramid orbit sign

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As pyramidal signs are reflexes or clonus referred that are pathological (diseased) in adults and more frequently in damage to the pyramidal tract occur. In infants, the phenomena are physiological since the pyramidal tracts are not yet fully developed.

The pyramid orbit signs include:

On the upper extremity

  • Léri forearm mark
    • Triggering: passive wrist and finger flexion
    • Effect: movement of the elbow
    • Comment: only one-sided weakening is assessed as pathological
  • Wartenberg sign
    • Triggering: active flexion of the 2nd to 4th finger against resistance
    • Effect: thumb flexion

On the lower extremity

  • Babinski reflex
    • Triggering: vigorously brushing the outer edge of the sole of the foot from the heel to the little toe
    • Effect: the big toe rises, at the same time the little toes move downwards and outwards
    • Comment: If only the big toe is raised, this is noted as "suspicious" or "questionable".
  • Gordon reflex
    • Triggering: squeezing the calf muscles
    • Effect: like Babinski reflex
  • Oppenheim reflex
    • Triggering: vigorously brushing the edge of the shin from the knee to the ankle
    • Effect: like Babinski reflex
  • Chaddock reflex
    • Triggering: vigorous brushing of the outer edge of the back of the foot
    • Effect: like Babinski reflex
  • Stocking skin sign
    • Synonym: Tibialis phenomenon
    • Triggering: bending the knee against resistance
    • Effect: like Babinski reflex
  • Clauss sign
    • Triggering: bending the knee against resistance
    • Effect: like Babinski reflex
  • Puusepp reflex
    • Triggering: like Babinski reflex
    • Effect: Slow, tonic abduction (splaying) of the little toe

Of the reflexes mentioned, the Babinski reflex can be triggered most frequently; the value of the other reflexes is therefore controversial and probably low. The reflex arc of the phenomena mentioned is not known.