Source

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A source is a reference in a publication to a source of information that has been used, for example a book or a newspaper article.

General

The source is either given directly on the object (article, report, photo, drawing, quotation) or given in a separate "source directory". The sources can be announced or displayed in the end credits in sound or film material.

If the source is given directly on the object, it is usually in brackets. For example:

  • "Emperor Hubert the Great ruled Atlantis from 1111 to 1112." (Max model author: Atlantis. Berlin 1901, p. 123)
  • "Observations of the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the moons of Uranus are approaching the planet." (Max Musterautor: Neue Uranus-Moons . In: Popular Wissenschaft . No. 12, 2005, pp. 12-13)

The source can also be added via a link on the Internet. For example:

All things with informational content can serve as sources, such as B. Photos, newspaper articles, statistics, drawings, sound recordings, image recordings, newspapers, magazines, periodicals.

In many works with historical content, contemporary witnesses are often named. These are then filmed with their report or the sound is recorded in order to obtain a verifiable source. Diaries and hand-made sketches can also serve as historical sources.

The quotations are a subset of the sources. References serve to find all forms of expression, citations are limited to spoken or printed wording.

Depending on the modern license of the source, the indication of the source may already cover copyright protection if the author specifically points this out.

In scientific elaborations and for school purposes, the source is obligatory in order to give other scientists, fellow students and classmates as well as teachers the opportunity to view the material used and thus to recognize the content-related value of the work.

Indication of source in copyright

Many national codifications on copyright allow the use of quotations within the framework of copyright barriers . The legality of this use of foreign ideas is, however, bound to the indication of the source.

Federal Republic of Germany

Section 63 UrhG stipulates that the source must be clearly indicated. As a rule, the exact reference is required, including the chapter or the number of pages in the case of more extensive works.

Example of a source:

Quote: The term “source” encompasses the name of the author and in all cases also the title of the work or another name that identifies it [...]. The specification of the publication organ [...] is also included .

Source: Dietz in: Schricker , Copyright 2. A., 1999, § 63 UrhG marginal no. 13f.

Austria

Section 57 of the Austrian Copyright Act contains more detailed provisions on the indication of sources than the German law, including:

If passages or parts of language works are reproduced in accordance with § 46, they must be identified in the source information so precisely that they can be easily found in the work used.

In the explanations (ErlRV) it says: "In the case of borrowings from extensive works, the page, section, chapter or file where the borrowed part is located must also be cited in the source" (Dillenz, materials on Austrian copyright law , 134, quoted from Dittrich p. 621). In 2002 the Austrian Supreme Court commented on the question of the source in the Riven Rock decision :

"According to Section 57 (4) UrhG, the failure to cite the source must be justified by the customs and practices applicable in fair dealings. When interpreting this provision, the interests of the author must be weighed up against those of the person entitled to freely use the work based on the understanding of loyal users who understand the interests of the author with understanding, who think cheaply and fairly (Vinck, loc. Cit. whether it is reasonable for the free user of the work, in addition to naming the author / publisher, to mention the name of the translator of citations from the novel read out on a radio broadcast. "

See also

literature

  • Robert Dittrich: To the source of quotations . In: Copyright in the Information Age. Festschrift for Wilhelm Nordemann . Munich 2004, ISBN 3406516831 , pp. 617-624.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Federal Ministry of Justice, Section 63, source
  2. ↑ § 57 of the Austrian Copyright Act