Shugo

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Shugo ( Japanese 守護 , literally: "protector") denotes an office during the Japanese Kamakura and Muromachi periods (12th to 16th centuries), first one with police functions, later that of military governor.

A shugodai ( 守護 代 ) stood by their side as a representative .

Kamakura time

After Minamoto no Yoritomo founded the Kamakura Shogunate , he appointed Gokenin (house people) to Shugo for the provinces . Their three main tasks were the administration of the local Gokenin, especially the warning to guard duty in Kyoto ( 大 番役 , ōban'yaku ), as well as the capture of rebels ( 謀反 人 , muhonnin ) and murderers ( 殺害 人 , satsugajin ). In 1231 these tasks were codified as the “Three Chapters of Capital Crimes” ( 大 犯 三 箇 条 , taibon sankajō ) in the “Penal Code” ( 御 成敗 式 目 , Goseibai Shikimoku ).

According to the traditional view according to the Chronicle Azuma Kagami , completed in 1266 , the office was introduced at the same time as that of Jitō ( governor ) in the eleventh month of 1185. However, this is a later rationalization , because the office did not arise before the early 1190s and had its origin in the post of Sōtsuibushi ( 惣 追捕 使 ). This was also a police post, with the difference that these were not assigned to any province, but were sent on a case-by-case basis.

After the first Mongol invasion and its repulsion at the Battle of Bun'ei in 1274, the shogunate feared a second and instructed the Shugo in western Japan to organize the mobilization of the Gokenin and also non-Gokenin. Through these military competencies, the post received a strong increase in power and influential families, especially the ruling Hōjō clan, tried to get the respective posts. With the elimination of the rival Adachi clan during the Shimotsuki incident in 1285, the Hōjō held 29 of the 68 Shugo posts and finally 36 at the end of the Kamakura period.

Muromachi period

After the Hōjō overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, there was a brief restoration of imperial rule ( Kemmu restoration ), which, however , was eliminated again in 1336 by Ashikaga Takauji , who founded the Muromachi shogunate and appointed his own emperor, with which Japan also was split into two imperial courts .

This led to a weakening of the provincial administration ( kokuga ) set up by the imperial family and their (civil) provincial government ( kokushi ), whose tasks now gradually passed to the Shugo, who also received access to the provincial registers ( 大田 文 , ōtabumi ). They received the administration of the imperial lands of the respective province, over which they could freely dispose of as their allodial land ( 守護 領 , shugoryō ), but also jurisdictive competences in land issues and the right to confiscate and pass on property from criminals, e.g. B. to your own successor. In addition, the Shugo were given the right to levy taxes, such as the "half tax" ( 半 済 , hanzei ) where half of the annual tax ( 年 貢 , nengu ) of a domain goes to the Shugo authorities. This system of rule over the domains of a province is known as shugo-ryōkoku-sei ( 守護 領 国 制 ). Those who could unite the big by these agents real estate on himself were shugo- daimyō called.

literature

  • Kōzō Yamamura (Ed.): The Cambridge History of Japan . tape 3 : Medieval Japan . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, ISBN 0-521-22354-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Adrian Gerber: Community and State. The Central Japanese Village Ōyamazaki in the Late Middle Ages. A study in transcultural history . Lucius & Lucius, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8282-0260-8 , 3.3.2.3. Sword nobility regiment ( buke-seiken ), p. 116–117 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Jeffrey P. Mass: The Kamakura bakufu . In: Kōzō Yamamura (ed.): The Cambridge History of Japan . tape 3 : Medieval Japan . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, ISBN 0-521-22354-7 , pp. 82 .
  3. ↑ Jeffrey P. Mass: The Kamakura bakufu. Pp. 59-62
  4. ↑ see in particular: Jeffrey P. Mass: Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu. The Origins of Dual Government in Japan . Stanford University Press, Stanford 1999, ISBN 0-8047-3591-3 , Chapter 4. Shugo and Jitō Imagined.
  5. ↑ Ishii Susumu: The decline of the Kamakura bakufu . In: Kōzō Yamamura (ed.): The Cambridge History of Japan . tape 3 : Medieval Japan . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990, ISBN 0-521-22354-7 , pp. 142 .
  6. ↑ Ishii Susumu: The decline of the Kamakura bakufu . P. 158.
  7. ^ Adrian Gerber: Community and Stand. Pp. 117–118.