Strong reciprocity
Strong reciprocity describes the tendency in human behavior to reward cooperative action altruistically - i.e. at one's own expense, without gaining an advantage - and to punish fraudulent behavior deviating from norms altruistically.
People often behave cooperatively with non-genetically related strangers. This behavior can also be observed when the probability of encountering these strangers again is extremely low (see reciprocal altruism ) and reputation does not play a role (see indirect reciprocity ). An example is tipping an unknown taxi driver in a large city abroad. Such behavior has been demonstrated in many controlled economic experiments . Further experiments (Fehr et al. 2002), social preference theories and evolutionary theories have also shown that a certain form of this strongly reciprocal behavior is particularly relevant to establishing and maintaining cooperation between strangers: strong reciprocity is achieved through rewarding cooperative actions and that Punish uncooperative acts. As a consequence, strong reciprocity is an important incentive for cooperation between strangers.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ernst Fehr & Frédéric Schneider (2010): Eyes are on us, but nobody cares: are eye cues relevant for strong reciprocity? Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277, pp. 1315-1323. (PDF; 288 kB)
- ↑ Camerer 2003; Fehr & Fischbacher 2003; Gintis et al. 2003
- ↑ Rabin 1993; Fehr & Schmidt 1999; Dufwenberg & Kirchsteiger 2004; Falk & Fischbacher 2006
- ↑ Gintis 2000; Henrich & Boyd 2001; Boyd et al. 2003; Bowles & Gintis 2004