System development

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The system development can be considered in line with the development of biological systems in two respects:

1. ontogenesis
   1. The assembly, the assembly of the system from its components. This can be done strictly according to a predetermined plan or under certain conditions through self-organization. Biological systems are a hybrid, because on the one hand the DNA contains blueprints for individual proteins , on the other hand many structures (e.g. the brain , trabeculae ) are created through self-organization.
   2. Growth - an increase or decrease in the number of elements and / or the links between the elements (example: Internet).
   3. Propagation - making copies of a system. This is a prerequisite for variation and development (evolution) of a system. Autopoiesis is currently only possible in living beings.
2. Phylogenesis : Design and modification of systems that lead to them being better adapted to requirements or meeting new requirements (example: development of different versions of an operating system for computers).

Ontogeny of systems

Assembly according to plan

In technology, systems are assembled according to specified plans. Systems with precisely defined properties are created. In the event of material wear, individual components are replaced or the system is dismantled and replaced by a new, structurally identical one.

self-organisation

Examples:

• Salt crystal - theoretically infinite growth possible
• Pile of sand - only possible up to a certain flank angle
• Neural network : constant number of elements and density of connections, but variable strength of connection

Phases of ontogeny

The following phases are primarily characteristic of living beings and other biological systems ( e.g. ecosystems ), i. H. open, autopoietic , adaptive , dynamic and (up to certain limits) robust systems.

• Build-up phase : bringing units together or initiating a self-organizing deposit process according to a plan . Strong structural changes, high turnover. No autonomy, no memory. Formation of effective connections. Special internal and / or external institutions that specifically support this phase. No protection systems.
• Development phase : Still major structural changes. Learn; Creation of a memory. No stability.
• Maturity, autonomy phase : Relative autonomy achieved. Stability in form and function. Trained functions. Self-renewal . More additive learning.
• Aging phase : autonomy disappears. Dismantling of functions, of causal relationships. Decoupling from higher-level systems.
• Dismantling phase : No more autonomy. Ending feedback processes. Termination of the self-sustaining function. Dissolution of the structure. Decay and removal of matter.

Typogenesis of systems

In technology, a system is developed in a targeted manner towards a specific purpose. Therefore, a system developer will usually use the problem analysis and problem solving methodology . Biological systems, on the other hand, do not develop in a targeted manner, but are random and environmentally controlled.

As a rule, systems are developed from simple to complex (example: carriage - car, single-celled - multi-celled)

• by increasing and changing existing elements in different ways, so that new functions and effects arise;
• by integrating individual external systems (example: introduction of the gearbox known from Mühlen in the car);
• by integrating different systems into a new super system (see endosymbiont hypothesis ).