Tamil calendar
The Tamil calendar is one of the many traditional calendars in India. It is a solar calendar and is mainly used in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and by the Tamils in Sri Lanka .
history
The oldest references to chronology on the Indian subcontinent can be found in the Vedas , the oldest parts of which date back to around 1200 BC. Go back BC. The Jyotisha Vedanga with treatises on astronomy and astrology comes from a later period . Greek and West Asian knowledge influenced the Siddhantas (astronomical textbooks) in the first centuries AD. Especially the Arya-Siddhanta and the Yakkya-Karana form the basis of the Tamil calendar.
The year
The year is a sidereal year . In the Surya Siddhantas the length is given as 365.2587558 days (365 days 6 hours 12 minutes 36.5 seconds); other Siddhantas deviate from it by a few seconds. The actual value is 365.256360 days ( 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9.5 seconds ).
The year count
The years are counted according to the Kali Yuga era and according to the 60-year Jupiter cycle , in which each year has its own name. The government has been using the Tiruvalluvar era since 1981 (partly since 1971) .
The names of the years in the 60-year cycle are:
| running | Surname | running | Surname | running | Surname | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | tamil | German | No. | tamil | German | No. | tamil | German | ||
| 01 | பிரபவ | prabhava | 21st | சர்வசித்து | sarvajit | 41 | பிலவங்க | plavaṅga | ||
| 02 | விபவ | vibhava | 22nd | சர்வதாரி | sarvadhârin | 42 | கீலக | kîlaka | ||
| 03 | சுக்ல | śukla | 23 | விரோதி | virôdhin | 43 | சௌமிய | saumya | ||
| 04 | பிரமோதூத | pramôda | 24 | விக்ருதி | vikṛita | 44 | சாதாரண | sâdhâraṇa | ||
| 05 | பிரசோற்பத்தி | prajâpati | 25th | கர | khara | 45 | விரோதகிருது | virôdhakṛit | ||
| 06 | ஆங்கீரச | aṅgiras | 26th | நந்தன | nandana | 46 | பரிதாபி | paridhâvin | ||
| 07 | ஸ்ரீமுக | śrîmukha | 27 | விஜய | vijaya | 47 | பிரமாதீச | pramâdin | ||
| 08 | பவ | bhâva | 28 | ஜய | jaya | 48 | ஆனந்த | ânanda | ||
| 09 | யுவ | yuvan | 29 | மன்மத | manmatha | 49 | ராட்சச | râkshasa | ||
| 10 | தாது | dhâtṛi | 30th | துன்முகி | durmukha | 50 | நள | anala | ||
| 11 | ஈஸ்வர | îśvara | 31 | ஹேவிளம்பி | hemalamba | 51 | பிங்கள | pingala | ||
| 12 | வெகுதானிய | bahudhânya | 32 | விளம்பி | vilamba | 52 | காளயுக்தி | kâlayukta | ||
| 13 | பிரமாதி | pramâthin | 33 | விகாரி | vicarin | 53 | சித்தார்த்தி | siddhârthin | ||
| 14th | விக்கிரம | vikrama | 34 | சார்வரி | śarvarin | 54 | ரௌத்திரி | raudra | ||
| 15th | விஷு | vṛisha | 35 | பிலவ | plava | 55 | துன்மதி | durmati | ||
| 16 | சித்திரபானு | chitrabhânu | 36 | சுபகிருது | śubhakṛit | 56 | துந்துபி | dundubhi | ||
| 17th | சுபானு | subhânu | 37 | சோபகிருது | śôbhana | 57 | ருத்ரோத்காரி | rudhirôdgârin | ||
| 18th | தாரண | târaṇa | 38 | குரோதி | krôdhin | 58 | ரக்தாட்சி | raktâksha | ||
| 19th | பார்த்திப | pârthiva | 39 | விசுவாசுவ | viśvâvasu | 59 | குரோதன | krôdhana | ||
| 20th | விய | vyaya | 40 | பரபாவ | parâbhava | 60 | அட்சய | kshaya | ||
The beginning of the year
The beginning of the year is determined by the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign mêsha (Aries). the year then begins with the month of Chittirai. In 2008 the beginning of the year was changed to the month of Tai, but this change was so controversial that it was reversed in 2011.
In the post-Thiruvalluvar era year count used by the government, the year continues to begin with the month of Tai.
If the sun enters these signs of the zodiac between sunrise (beginning of the day) and sunset, the year begins on the same day, if the sun enters this sign of the zodiac between sunset and sunrise (end of day), the year begins the next day.
The circuit
There is no fixed switching scheme for years with 366 days, as the beginning of the year is determined by the entry of the sun into the zodiac sign Aries. Whether a year has 365 or 366 days can be seen from the astronomical data. The next years with 366 days are:
| Kali Yuga | Year in cycle | year | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tamil | German | Gregorian | |
| 5013 | நந்தன | nandana | 2012-2013 |
| 5017 | துன்முகி | durmukha | 2016-2017 |
| 5021 | சார்வரி | śarvarin | 2020-2021 |
| 5024 | சோபகிருது | śôbhana | 2023-2024 |
| 5028 | பிலவங்க | plavaṅga | 2027-2028 |
The precision
With 365.2587558 days, the Siddhanta year is 0.0023958 days (3 minutes and 26 seconds) longer than the sidereal year with 365.256360 days. This means that it will shift against the fixed star sky by one day in around 400 years. The Siddhanta year with 365.2587558 days is 0.01656528 days (23 minutes and 51 seconds) longer than the tropical year with 365.24219052 days. This means that in around 60 years it will be shifted by one day compared to the seasons. The year currently starts around 23 days after the spring equinox.
The month
The path that the sun apparently travels in a sidereal year is divided into 12 signs of the zodiac of 30 ° each. Since the earth's orbit around the sun is an ellipse, the sun stands for different lengths of time in the individual signs of the zodiac, as the following table shows:
| Zodiac signs | Dwell time of the sun in days |
Western zodiac |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| tamil | German | ||
| மேஷம் | mêsha | 30.92557 | Aries |
| ரிஷபம் | vṛishabham | 31.40334 | bull |
| மிதுனம் | mithuna | 31.61057 | Twins |
| கடகம் | karka | 31.47001 | cancer |
| சிம்மம் | siṁha | 31.03613 | lion |
| கன்னி | kanyâ | 30.45612 | Virgin |
| துலாம் | tulâ | 29.90196 | Libra |
| விருச்சிகம் | vṛiśchika | 29.50668 | Scorpio |
| தனுசு | dhanus | 29.34806 | Sagittarius |
| மகரம் | makara | 29.45446 | Capricorn |
| கும்பம் | kumbha | 29.80668 | Aquarius |
| மீனம் | mîna | 30.33917 | fishes |
The beginning of the month
The beginning of the month is determined by the entry of the sun into a new zodiac sign. If the sun enters the zodiac sign between sunrise (start of the day) and sunset, the month starts on the same day, if the sun enters the zodiac sign between sunset and sunrise (end of day), the month starts the next day.
The length of the month
During its apparent course, the sun stands for different lengths of time in the individual signs of the zodiac. The time varies between 29.34806 days (29 days 8 hours 21 minutes 12 seconds) and 31.61057 days (31 days 14 hours 39 minutes 13 seconds). Accordingly, a month lasts between 29 and 32 days, and a single month can have different lengths in different years.
The month names
The months were originally named after the Nakshatra lunar houses , where the sun entered a new zodiac sign. The months of the year have the following names and corresponding dates in the Gregorian calendar:
| month | கர / khara (Thiruvalluvar 2041-2042) |
நந்தன / nandana (Thiruvalluvar 2042–2043) |
விஜய / vijaya (Thiruvalluvar 2043-2044) |
ஜய / jaya (Thiruvalluvar 2044–2045) |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tamil | German | Gregorian date |
Number of days |
Gregorian date |
Number of days |
Gregorian date |
Number of days |
Gregorian date |
Number of days |
|||||||||
| 1 | சித்திரை | Chittirai | 14th | April 2011 | 31 | 14th | April 2012 | 30th | 14th | April 2013 | 31 | 14th | April 2014 | 31 | ||||
| 1 | வைகாசி | Vaigâśi | 15th | May 2011 | 31 | 14th | May 2012 | 32 | 15th | May 2013 | 31 | 15th | May 2014 | 31 | ||||
| 1 | ஆனி | Âni | 15th | June 2011 | 32 | 15th | June 2012 | 31 | 15th | June 2013 | 31 | 15th | June 2014 | 32 | ||||
| 1 | ஆடி | Âḍi | 17th | July 2011 | 31 | 16. | July 2012 | 31 | 16. | July 2013 | 32 | 17th | July 2014 | 31 | ||||
| 1 | ஆவணி | Avaṇi | 17th | August 2011 | 31 | 16. | August 2012 | 31 | 17th | August 2013 | 31 | 17th | August 2014 | 31 | ||||
| 1 | புரட்டாசி | Puraṭṭâdi | 17th | September 2011 | 31 | 16. | September 2012 | 31 | 17th | September 2013 | 30th | 17th | September 2014 | 31 | ||||
| 1 | ஐப்பசி | Aippaśi | 18th | October 2011 | 30th | 17th | October 2012 | 30th | 17th | October 2013 | 30th | 18th | October 2014 | 30th | ||||
| 1 | கார்த்திகை | Karttigai | 17th | November 2011 | 29 | 16. | November 2012 | 30th | 16. | November 2013 | 30th | 17th | November 2014 | 29 | ||||
| 1 | மார்கழி | Mârgaḷi | 16. | December 2011 | 30th | 16. | December 2012 | 29 | 16. | December 2013 | 29 | 16. | December 2014 | 30th | ||||
| 1 | தை | Tai | 15th | January 2012 | 29 | 14th | January 2013 | 30th | 14th | January 2014 | 30th | 15th | January 2015 | 29 | ||||
| 1 | மாசி | Mâśi | 13. | February 2012 | 30th | 13. | February 2013 | 29 | 13. | February 2014 | 30th | 13. | February 2015 | 30th | ||||
| 1 | பங்குனி | Paṅguni | 14th | March 2012 | 31 | 14th | March 2013 | 31 | 15th | March 2014 | 30th | 15th | March 2015 | 30th | ||||
| 366 | 365 | 365 | 365 | |||||||||||||||
The days of a month are counted from 1 to 29 or 32. The Tamil numerals can be found under Tamil script , but they have almost completely been replaced by the number notation common in Europe.
The week
The week division is of Babylonian-Greek origin. The names are derived from the corresponding Indian deities. The names are listed in the following table:
| tamil | German | in the Gregorian calendar |
|---|---|---|
| திங்கள் | Thingal | Monday |
| செவ்வாய் | Chevvai | Tuesday |
| புதன் | Puthan | Wednesday |
| வியாழன் | Vyalan | Thursday |
| வெள்ளி | Velli | Friday |
| சனி | Chany | Saturday |
| ஞாயிறு | Gnayaru | Sunday |
The day
The day lasts from sunrise to sunrise.
See also
literature
- Friedrich Karl Ginzel : Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906.
- Leow Choon Lian: Indian Calendars. National University of Singapore, 2000/2001, quoted from http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/lcl.pdf (here the page numbers are 6 larger) (accessed January 27, 2011).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Robert Sewell, Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit: The Indian Calendar: With tables for the conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into AD dates, and vice versa (with tables of eclipses visible in India by Robert Schram) , London 1896, p. 8
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of the mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 341
- ↑ Thiruvalluvar Day and Tamil Calendar based on Thiruvalluvar Day (read February 21, 2012)
- ↑ a b c d e Tamil Calendar and Daily Tamil Panchang Online (accessed February 6, 2012)
- ^ Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of the mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, page 370
- ↑ Tamil Nadu Tamil New Year (Declaration) Repeal Act, 2011 (read January 26, 2012)
- ^ A b Leow Choon Lian: Indian Calendars. National University of Singapore, 2000/2001, quoted from Indian Calendars ( Memento from April 17, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) (here the page numbers are 6 larger) (accessed January 27, 2011), page 20
-
↑ Free Online Tamil Calendar (accessed on February 6, 2012)
( Tamil Calendar and Daily Tamil Panchang Online sometimes provides data that differ by 1 year) - ^ A b Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of the mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, page 342
- ↑ Zodiac names (accessed January 31, 2012)
- ^ After Friedrich Karl Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, page 339
-
↑ Tamil Calendar and Daily Tamil Panchang Online (accessed February 6, 2012)
( Free Online Tamil Calendar provides partially different data) - ↑ Free Online Tamil Calendar (accessed February 5, 2012)
- ↑ Multilingual list of days of the week ( Memento of July 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on February 6, 2012)