Training of social skills

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The training of social skills describes various behavioral therapy methods that are intended to make it possible, e.g. B. to increase social , i.e. interpersonal skills through standardized training methods. The various methods are used, for example, with psychiatric patients or prisoners whose social skills are impaired, but also with insecure people. But it is also offered to increase teamwork or so-called soft skills in organizational psychology . It can be used in both children and adolescents and adults. The methods are also used today in social group work within social work .

history

In 1949, Andrew Salter developed an expressive training program for reducing social anxiety and building self-confidence.

This training includes a number of rules of behavior such as the explicit expression of experienced emotions, the explicit facial and gestural representation of these emotions, contradicting and attacking with the explicit expression of experienced interpersonal differences, the targeted use of the pronoun I , the acceptance of approval and praise others, self-praise, the recognition of one's own achievements, and improvisation and flexibility through active and spontaneous action.

Causes of skills deficits

When it comes to the causes of skills deficits, a distinction is made between situation-related causes and biographical causes. The situation-related causes include the situational excessive demands , the unfavorable cognitive processing, the unfavorable emotional processing, the unfavorable behavior and unfavorable behavioral consequences. The biographical causes include excessive social demands (external circumstances, self-representation), behavior deficits (lack of practice), incompetent behavioral habits, acquired social fears and acquired dysfunctional convictions.

Examples of standardized training methods

Examples of standardized training methods are Personal Effectiveness Training according to Liberman (1975), Assertiveness Training Program (ATP) according to Ullrich & Ullrich de Muynck (1978), behavioral training for building social competence according to Feldhege & Krauthan (1979), the group training for social skills (GSK) according to Hinsch & Pentecost, the mediator training in prison according to Braune (1982), the social skill training for helper professions according to Galvin (1985) and the social skill training for psychiatric patients according to Liberman, DeRisi & Muesser (1989) should be mentioned.

Personal Effectiveness Training (PET)

Personal Effectiveness Training was developed by Robert P. Liberman in 1975. It was designed with the aim of improving and developing verbal and non-verbal communication skills as well as contributing to appropriate self-confidence and assertiveness. It is a semi-structured, behavioral group training.

Assertiveness Training Program (ATP)

The ATP consists of 127 social situations that are practiced in role plays and then implemented under real conditions. Four main categories of social skills are taken into account:

  • making demands
  • say no and criticize
  • making contacts
  • expose to public attention and allow mistakes.

Group training for social skills (GSK)

concept

The group training for social skills (GSK) was developed at the beginning of the 1980s by Rüdiger Hinsch and Ulrich Pfingsten. It is a structured, standardized and flexible program, which is why it can also be adapted to specific client groups. In the conception of the GSK, social competence is referred to as the "availability and application of cognitive, emotional and motor behavior", which in defined social situations lead to a long-term favorable relationship between positive and negative consequences for the agent. The numerous social situations are divided into three prototypical types of situation:

Enforce law (R)
The actor has an advantage over his social partner and can enforce his law, but does not have to, if it is strategically and in the long term more favorable. Example: a buyer who wants to complain about a defective product, or a neighbor who wants to complain about disturbances.
Relationships (B)
Acting and social partners are equal; no one can claim a right. Instead, feelings and needs are expressed openly.
Acquire sympathy (S)
The agent is at a disadvantage compared to the social partner and is dependent on his or her goodwill. Example: obtaining preferential treatment from an agent or flirting.

execution

The training groups consist of approx. 10 participants and two trainers. The training sessions consist of role play with video feedback. The role plays are carried out in given situations that build on the three types of situation and in which the trainer plays the counterpart. Criticism is avoided as far as possible, but the focus is on positive reinforcement by the participants. The duration of the training is about seven sessions of 2.5 hours each. The effectiveness of the training has been proven by studies.

literature

  • Christian Reimer: Psychotherapy: A textbook for doctors and psychologists. 2nd Edition. Springer, Heidelberg a. a. 2000, ISBN 3-540-66791-1 .
  • Rüdiger Hinsch, Ulrich Pfingsten: The group training of social skills (GSK). Basics, implementation, materials. 5th edition. PVU / Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 2007, ISBN 978-3-621-27572-9 .
  • Rüdiger Hinsch, Simone Wittmann: Social skills can be learned. 2nd Edition. PVU / Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 2010, ISBN 978-3-621-27624-5 .
  • Ulrich Pfingsten: Long-term effects of group training for social skills (GSK). In: Journal for Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychotherapy. 35, 1987, pp. 211-218.
  • Rüdiger Ullrich, Rita de Muynck: ATP: Instructions for the therapist. Practice of self-confidence and social skills. (= Learn to live. 123). 2nd Edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-608-89665-1 .
  • Michael Born: Review of: T. Ehrenfried, C. Heinzelmann, J. Kähni, R. Mayer: Working with children and young people from families of addicts. In: Psychotherapy. Volume 3, Issue 2, 1998, p. 282.
  • Rüdiger Ullrich, Rita de Muynck: Building social skills: self-confidence training, "assertiveness" training. In: Michael Linden, Martin Hautzinger, (Ed.): Behavioral Therapy Manual. Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-55210-6 , pp. 313-318.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Renate de Jong-Meyer: Acquisition of skills and promotion of resources. Lecture script Clinical Psychology I, WS 2004/2005. wwwpsy.uni-muenster.de ( Memento from January 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ^ R. Hinsch, U. Pfingsten: The group training of social skills (GSK). Basics, implementation, materials. 5th edition. PVU, Weinheim 2007.
  3. ^ U. Pentecost: Long-term effects of group training for social skills (GSK). In: Journal for Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychotherapy. 35, 1987, pp. 211-218.

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