Transpersonal behavior therapy
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Transpersonal behavior therapy is a form of behavior therapy .
history
In the early 1950s, Joseph Wolpe's behavioral therapy was based on "systematic desensitization". In this classic behavioral therapy approach, fears are “erased” by gradually passing the fear-inducing situations, similar to an initiation rite . The fears are lived through in the company of the therapist until their intensity subsides. This leads to disinhibition and habituation . The respective situation no longer has to be avoided.
In the 1960s, behavior therapy experienced a mental expansion called the cognitive turn . Since then, thoughts, evaluations, and beliefs have also been seen as causes and sustaining factors of emotional disorders such as anxiety , anger, or depression . The targeted change of such mental patterns is the focus of cognitive behavioral therapy. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REVT) by Albert Ellis is one of the most influential and profound cognitive therapy methods .
Since the 1970s, behavioral therapy, which has always been based on learning theory and remains pragmatically oriented, has also been given a humanistic , existentialistic or transpersonal orientation , depending on the therapist's view of man.
Since the 1990s, meditative elements have also been integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy. Some therefore speak of a “third wave” in behavior therapy in order to distinguish it from cognitive behavioral therapy as a “second wave”. These include, for example, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy ( Segal , Williams, Teasdale ), dialectical behavioral therapy ( Linehan ) and “acceptance and commitment therapy” ( Hayes ).
Characteristic
Transpersonal behavior therapy also emerged in the 1990s. While the mindfulness-based approaches of behavior therapy remained committed to the models of behaviorism and neo-behaviorism (condition and behavior analysis) by including the concept of “ mindfulness ” as a “trainable competence of attention and self-regulation” in the existing models, transpersonal-oriented behavioral therapists were important to free the dimension of consciousness from the predominance of behavioristic models and to harness the full potential or spectrum of consciousness for the steps of self-observation, self-knowledge, behavior analysis and behavior modification. For example, in the foreword of the book Transpersonal Behavior Therapy , the Oldenburg psychology professor emeritus Wilfried Belschner writes : “There was still a 'remainder' to fill a gap in the theory of behavioral therapy. The assumptions about the image of man associated with the cognitive turn presuppose that people should 'also' be conscious. To the statement of the cognitive turn, “There is cognition”, the statement “There is awareness” has to be added in order to be able to achieve a sufficiently complete picture of man. Such a setting enables the forthcoming 'transpersonal turnaround' in behavioral therapy. "
With the introductory work Transpersonal Behavioral Therapy , the behavior therapist and meditation researcher Harald Piron from Cologne offers a comprehensive insight into the concept of man, the fundamentals, theories, models and possible applications of the so-called new school. Based on his study of meditative experience and the depth dimension of consciousness in meditation, in which he was able to empirically gain five areas of meditation depth (by cluster analysis ), he developed a phase model in which the processes of experience and behavior during behavior modification - from from stagnation to transformation - let it be mapped. Accordingly, meditation-based exercises and behavioral therapy tasks can be planned and carried out according to the phase model, depending on the diagnosis and therapy goal definition.
The condition and behavior analysis changes in each phase. Situation determinism is replaced, for example, in the evocative phase by self-transcendence, philosophies relevant to disruption by pure presence, identification by integration and conditioned reactions by resonance. The heart of the transpersonal behavior analysis according to Piron is the analysis of the principle of double identification and its gradual dismantling through the use of meditative techniques. According to the SPIRIT model, double identification consists of the following components: S stands for the triggering situation, P for philosophies (in relation to the situation), I for identification with the philosophy or the philosophy system, R for the reaction ( motor, mental, emotional and physiological), the second I for identifying with this very reaction and consequently T, the transformation backlog. The latter consists of the symptoms of stagnation, which ultimately includes the disease-related pressure of suffering.
The areas of indication for transpersonal behavioral therapy are primarily crises with a neurotic and / or spiritual character. The psychotherapist and author Edgar Harnack deals with spiritual content and religiosity in the context of behavior therapy. He also calls his approach "transpersonal behavioral therapy".
literature
- Edgar Harnack: Transpersonal Behavior Therapy. Religiousness as the subject of behavior therapy . In: Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 28 (2007), Issue 4, pp. 503-518, ISSN 1865-9985 .
- Edgar Harnack: Transpersonal Behavior Therapy. Contemplative action . In: Ways to People , Vol. 60 (2008), Issue 2) pp. 145–157, ISSN 0043-2040 .
- Harald Piron: The dimension of consciousness in meditation and behavior therapy . In: Department of Health and Clinical Psychology at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Ed.): Impetus for Health Psychology and Public Health. Mindfulness as a way of life and model; Festschrift for Wilfried Belschner on his 65th birthday and his retirement . DGVT-Verlag, Tübingen 2006, pp. 243-262, ISBN 978-3-87159-821-0 .
- Harald Piron: A behavioral approach to treating neurotic and spiritual crises . In: Transpersonal Psychologie und Psychotherapie , Vol. 13 (2007), Issue 1, pp. 59-76, ISSN 0949-3174 .
- Harald Piron: Transpersonal behavior therapy. From stagnation to transformation. Via Nova Verlag, Petersberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-86616-063-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Harald Piron: Transpersonal behavior therapy. From stagnation to transformation , p. 12.
- ↑ a b Harald Piron: The Dimension of Consciousness in Meditation and Behavioral Therapy , pp. 243-262.
- ^ Edgar Harnack: Transpersonal behavior therapy. Religiousness as a subject of behavior therapy , pp. 503-518.
- ^ Edgar Harnack: Transpersonal behavior therapy. Action from Contemplation , pp. 145–157.