Zainab bint Muhammad

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Zainab bint Muhammad ( Arabic زينب بنت محمد, DMG Zainab bint Muḥammad , * 599 in Mecca ; died around 630 in Mecca or Medina ) was, according to tradition, the oldest daughter of the Prophet Mohammed and his first wife Khadīdscha bint Chuwailid .

Life

Zainab in Mecca

Zainab was born and raised in Mecca. When her maternal cousin 'Abū al-'Āṣ ibn al-Rabī asked Mohammed for his daughter's hand, the latter granted the marriage, so they married shortly before August 610. Zainab gave birth to two children, the son Ali died in childhood, while the daughter Umamah reached adulthood, Umamah later married Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib , the fourth rightly guided caliph .

After Mohammed became a prophet or declared himself a messenger of God, Zainab is said to have accepted Islam, but her husband 'Abū al-'Āṣ refused to accept Islam. After the hijra , Mohammed took all of his daughters to Medina , only Zainab remained. Since there are few authentic sources on Zainab, it is unclear whether Zainab refused to follow her father or whether Mohammed deliberately left her behind with her husband, who continued to refuse to convert to Islam.

In the Battle of Badr , Zainab's husband, who was a trader, fought on the side of the Quraish against Mohammed and his companions, but was captured after the Meccans suffered defeat. To free her husband, Zainab sent money and a chain that her mother had given her after the marriage to Medina. At the sight of the chain, Mohammed is said to have remembered his first wife Khadidja and was very touched as a result, so he released 'Abū al-'Āṣ on condition that Zainab be sent to Medina in return. 'Abū al-'Āṣ accepted the deal and about a month after the battle, Zainab, escorted by Mohammed's adopted son Zaid ibn Haritha and her brother-in-law Kinana, was to be escorted to Medina, but an incident occurred with the Quraish, the Zainab and theirs Bodyguards attacked. Zainab, who was pregnant, injured herself, suffered a miscarriage, and first returned to Mecca to recover. Later she was picked up a second time by Zaid and Kinana and taken safely to Medina.

Zainab in Medina

Until September or October 627 Zainab did not see her husband, and Mohammed is said to have asked her to divorce 'Abū al-'Āṣ and ​​to marry a Muslim man. In order to persuade his daughter to divorce, Mohammed is said to have ambushed a caravan of 'Abū al-' and take him prisoner; in another version of the tradition it is said that soldiers of Mohammed had stolen goods from the Quraish, the 'Abū al- 'Āṣ for the latter managed or protected. 'Abū al-'Āṣ is said to have asked for protection in Medina. According to ancient Arab tradition, when a stranger arrives in a city, he can ask for protection from a member of one of the tribes. If a resident resident of the respective city grants the stranger protection, he may neither be attacked nor driven out of the city.

For example, contrary to Mohammed's expectations, Zainab granted her husband protection in Medina, Mohammed in turn accepted his daughter's actions, but called on her to treat 'Abū al-'Āṣ like a "guest" and not like her husband, which meant that there was no physical contact. However, Zainab did not accept her father's request either, and Mohammed then sent the couple back to Mecca along with the caravans captured by 'Abū al-'Āṣ.

death

In April 630 Zainab died of the long-term effects of her miscarriage. Mohammed had her body brought to Medina and buried her there. From a Shiite perspective, Zainab died shortly after arriving in Medina. The Islamic historiographer al-Balādhurī reported that Zainab was buried in a coffin. This type of burial was practiced in Christian Abyssinia at the time , so there is a possibility that Zainab was also a Christian and not a Muslim.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Zeyneb bint Muhammed at islamansiklopedisi.info (Turkish)
  2. ↑ Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah . Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad , pp. 313-314. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  3. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina , p. 21. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  4. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk . Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors , p. 162. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  5. ↑ Ibn Saad / Bewley p. 21.
  6. ↑ Tabari / Landau-Tasseron p. 162.
  7. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 314.
  8. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 314.
  9. ↑ Ibn Saad / Bewley p. 22.
  10. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume pp. 314-315.
  11. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 315.
  12. ↑ Ibn Saad / Bewley p. 23.
  13. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 316.
  14. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 317.
  15. ↑ Ibn Saad / Bewley pp. 22-23.
  16. ↑ Ibn Ishaq / Guillaume p. 317.
  17. ↑ Tabari / Landau-Tasseron, p. 4.
  18. ↑ Restatement of History of Islam, by Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy, CE 570 to 661: Uthman, the Third Khalifa of the Muslims: Uthman's Marriages at al-islam.org (English)
  19. ↑ al-Balādhurī : Ansāb al-ashrāf 2: 525ff.
personal data
SURNAME Zainab bint Muhammad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Zainab bint Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah ibn' Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim; Fatima al-Zahra; Sayyidat Nisa 'al-Alamin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Daughter of the Prophet Mohammed
DATE OF BIRTH 599
PLACE OF BIRTH Mecca
DATE OF DEATH 630
Place of death Mecca or Medina