Slow motion
The slow motion (also under the Anglizismus Slow Motion , engl., Slow motion ', or as an acronym Slomo known) is in the film technology and computer simulation used method, is the slow motion sequences. The principle on which it is based goes back to an invention by August Musger in 1904. The first device for the production of slow motion recordings was based on Musger's invention and was presented to the public in 1916 by the Dresden company Ernemann .
On television, slow-motion images from sports are often referred to as a study , even when the recording is for illustration rather than analysis.
history
On September 3, 1904, August Musger submitted the patent for the construction plans for his "series apparatus with mirror wheel", which could produce slow motion pictures, to the Austrian Patent Office . By 1907 he finally produced a prototype of the invention based on these plans . In 1912 Musger had to give up his patent due to insufficient financial resources.
In 1914, however, the Ernemann company presented a slow-motion machine to the public that was based on Musger's invention, but never mentioned it. The "inventor" of the device at the Ernemann company , Hans Lehmann , had been in correspondence with Musger for years and in a letter dated April 14, 1916 he also mentioned that his "time microscope" was based on Musger's invention: "I would very happy to be able to demonstrate the advances on which your invention is based. Perhaps you will have the opportunity to come to Dresden one day and see me in the Ernemann works, or perhaps I will have the opportunity to give my lecture on the new apparatus, which one could call the 'time microscope' (because it increases the time in which rapid movement processes which the eye cannot follow at natural speed) and to repeat the screening of my film in Graz or Vienna. "
functionality
In the case of film , slow motion is achieved by increasing the frame rate during recording and reproducing the resulting film at normal speed (overcranking).
Special cameras are used for extreme slow motion recordings. In artistic film, these are especially MOS cameras ; high-speed cameras are used for technical purposes .
If no source material with a higher frame rate is available, so-called intermediate images can also be generated afterwards to replace the missing images. In the simplest case, existing images are simply duplicated. Intermediate images that consist of a cross-fade of the two neighboring images work better. For particularly natural-looking motion sequences, there are computer programs that detect moving objects in the image and interpolate their position. None of these techniques can keep up with the quality of actually recorded individual images.
Slow motion is used in documentary films to illustrate fast or complicated processes. The method is also often used to create special aesthetic images or effects. Slow motion is very often used for sports recordings, for example in football or in Formula 1 .
The opposite of slow motion is time lapse , which is also achieved in the opposite way, namely by slowing down the frame rate when recording a movie, for example to 1 frame per second, and playing the recordings at normal speed (for example 24 frames per second) in the cinema .
Speedchange is a manipulation of the playback frequency, with the help of which movement sequences are accelerated or slowed down during playback, for example changing from slow motion to normal speed to fast motion.
With the help of digital technology, these effects can be generated on the computer with little effort, which explains their increased use in all cinematic genres since the 1990s.
See also
- Seconds style - a style similar to slow motion in literature
- Time lapse - the opposite method to slow motion
- Bullet Time - snapshot with spatial movement
- Rapatronic camera - camera for extremely short exposure times
- Short term photography
literature
- Andreas Becker: Perspectives from a different nature. On the history and theory of cinematic time lapse and time stretching , transcript 2004, ISBN 3-89942-239-2 .
- Till Brockmann: The slow motion - anatomy of a cinematic stylistic device , Schueren 2013, ISBN 978-3-89472-833-5 .
Web links
- The Slow Mo Guys - Frequently clicked channel for slow motion recordings on YouTube .
Individual evidence
- ^ Reprint of the letter from Hans Lehmann to August Musger. In: Wilhelm Formann: Austrian pioneers of cinematography. Bergland Verlag, Vienna 1966, part of picture: picture 14