Zuwara (language)
The Zuwara language is a Berber language spoken in the vicinity of the city of Zuwara in northwest Libya . A precise name for the language does not exist; they are called maziγ , which simply means "Berber".
Zuwara Berber shares some traits with other Eastern Berber languages, such as the presence of a distinctive word accent. The proportion of Arabic foreign words is very high.
According to the system
Consonants
In Berber of Zuwara the following consonants are distinguished:
| Labials | Dental | emphatic dentals |
Palatal | Velare | Postvelare | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| voiceless plosives | t | ṭ | k | q | ||
| voiced plosives | b | d | ḍ | G | ||
| voiceless fricatives | f | s | ṣ | š | x | |
| voiced fricatives | z | ẓ | ž | γ | ||
| Nasals | m | n |
In addition there are ṃ, l, r, ṛ, w, y, and (only in words of Arabic origin) the glottals ʔ, h and the pharyngals ḥ, ʕ.
The emphatic consonants (ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, ṛ, ṃ etc.) are similar to the corresponding sounds in Arabic.
Vowels
The Zuwara language distinguishes four vowels: a, i, u, ə. These can be stressed or unstressed. The accented variant of the marble vowel ə is a fully-fledged phoneme and can then be used in all positions (including open syllables). The unstressed ə, on the other hand, essentially serves to split otherwise inadmissible consonant groups and is therefore largely predictable in its position.
Word Accent
The Berber of Zuwara has a pronounced word accent, which is usually on the penultimate syllable, but sometimes on the last syllable of the word. Nouns, including foreign Arabic words, are always stressed on the penultimate syllable.
On the last syllable one emphasizes:
- certain verb forms (see below). In the verbal system, the accent has the power to distinguish meaning, since the preterite and aorist are often only distinguished by the accent.
- Arabic foreign words (as long as they are not nouns) which can keep their original accent on the last syllable (e.g. ʕəšrín "twenty").
Personal pronouns
Unlike in German, the personal pronoun makes a gender distinction in the 2nd and 3rd person of the singular and plural. However, the feminine forms of the plural tend to be disused and are no longer used consistently.
| independent | Suffixes | Possessive suffixes | Object suffixes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. sg. "I" | nətš | -i | -iw | - (iyy) id |
| 2. so. mask. "you" | šəkk | -k | -ik | -ak |
| 2. so. fem. "you" | šəmm | -m | -in the | -at the |
| 3rd sg. mask. "he" | nə́tta | -s | -is | -ti, -i (dative: -as) |
| 3rd sg. fem. "she" | nə́ttat | -s | -is | -tət, -it (dative: -as) |
| 1. pl. "we" | nə́šnin | -nəγ | -ə́nnəγ | -anəγ |
| 2. pl. mask. "her" | nə́knim | -wən | -ə́nwən | -awən |
| 2. pl. fem. "her" | nəknímat | -kmət | -ənnə́kmət | -akmət |
| 3rd pl. mask. "she" | nə́tnin | -sən | -ə́nsən | -tən, -in (dative: -asən) |
| 3rd pl. fem. "she" | nətnínat | -snət | -ənnə́snət | -tənt, -inət (dative: -asnət) |
The short suffixes come mainly after prepositions, e.g. B. γə́ṛ-i "with me", γə́ṛ-k "with you", γə́ṛ-s "with him / her", γə́ṛ-nəγ "with us", γə́ṛ-wən "with you", γə́ṛ-sən "with them ".
noun
genus
Zuwara Berber has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Masculine nouns usually start with a vowel. Feminine nouns put a t- in front of this vowel and usually also end in -t.
The initial vowel is often (t) a-, a little less often (t) i- or, very sporadically, u-; as much as it is in most other Berber languages:
- aməddúkəl "friend" (masculine)
- adə́ffu "apple" (masculine)
- íγəff "head" (masculine)
- údəmm "face" (masculine)
- taməddúkəlt "girlfriend" (feminine)
- tafúnast "cow" (feminine)
- tissə́gnit "Nadel" (feminine)
- tíli "sheep" (feminine, without t-suffix)
Not infrequently, however, the Zuwara language also uses (t) ə́- as a prefix, which is not known from most other Berber languages:
- ə́fus "hand" (masculine)
- ə́laẓ "hunger" (masculine)
- ə́sinn "tooth" (masculine)
- tə́nast "key" (feminine)
- tə́mart "beard" (feminine)
- tə́gna "fish" (feminine, without t-suffix)
With longer nouns, the prefix vowel can be completely absent. In principle, these are also nouns ending in ə-, but the ə, as it would be in a vocal syllable, is omitted:
- fíγər "snake" (masculine, instead of * əfíγər)
- rúku "device" (masculine)
- tγúsa "thing" (feminine, instead of * təγúsa)
- tyáẓiḍt "chicken" (feminine)
The very numerous Arabic foreign words behave differently. Regardless of gender, these usually begin with a l or a double consonant. This goes back to the Arabic definite article, which, however, belongs to the noun in Berber of Zuwara and is not regarded as an article:
- lə́ktab "book" (masculine)
- əlmuʕə́lləm "teacher" (masculine)
- ə́lfərq "difference" (masculine)
- əlʕílət "family" (feminine)
Plural
The plural formation is similar to that in the other Berber languages. Main rules:
- The initial vowel (also ə-) is replaced by i- (in feminine ti-).
- There is an ending - (ə) n (masculine) ~ -in (feminine).
- An internal vowel change can occur in place of the ending.
Examples:
- axə́mmas "(the) servant" - ixəmmásən "(the) servant"
- taxə́mmast "servant" - tixəmmásin "servant"
- árgaz "man" - irgázən "men"
- txábəyt "water jug" - tixúbay "water jug"
Etat d'annexion
Like many other Berber languages, Zuwara Berber distinguishes between a noun "état libre" (the normal form) and an "état d'annexion". The latter is only used in Zuwara depending on prepositions; in all other cases the noun is in état libre.
Similar to other Berber languages, the masculine état d'annexion is essentially formed by changing the prefix a- (but also ə-)> wə-:
- árgaz> wə́rgaz "man" (e.g. with the dative preposition i: i-wə́rgaz "the man")
- áfṛux> wə́fṛux "boy"
- ə́fus> wə́fus "hand"
Instead of unstressed wə-, u- is spoken:
- aməddúkəl> uməddúkəl "friend"
As in other Berber languages, the a- of some nouns is stable and remains after w-:
- áman "water"> wáman
Consonant nouns in état d'annexion can sometimes adopt a w-, but mostly the form remains unchanged:
- fíγər> fíγər "snake"
- rúku> wrúku or rúku "device"
The prefixes i- and ti-, which also occur in most plural forms, remain unchanged:
- tíddart> tíddart "house"
Feminine nouns can replace the prefix ta- with tə-, but the prefix remains unchanged for many nouns.
- támuṛt> tə́muṛt "city"
Possession
Nominal
After the possessum follows, introduced by the preposition n, the possessessor, which must be in the form of the état d'annexion:
- əlmə́drəst n tə́muṛt "the school of the city (támuṛt)"
Pronominal
Possessive suffixes are available to correspond to German possessive pronouns, which are listed above in the section "Personal pronouns". When they are appended to the noun, the accent is shifted so that it stays on the penultimate syllable:
- lə́ktab "book" - ləktábiw "my book" - ləktabə́nsən "her (pl.) book"
- áḍus "smell" - aḍúsis "his smell"
- árgaz "man" - argázis "his man"
A ə is often lost as soon as it loses the accent:
- ə́fus "hand" - fúsis "his hand"
- ə́ḍaṛ "foot" - ḍáṛis "his foot"
- tə́miṭṭ "navel" - tmíṭṭis "his navel"
But there are also nouns for which the preservation of the unstressed -ə- is attested:
- tə́nast "key" - tənástis "his key"
If a plural ending -ən and a possessive suffix with -ən- follow one another, a contraction takes place: míddən "people" + -ə́nnəγ "our" → middə́nnəγ "our people". This does not apply to cases with other plural endings such as ilə́γman "camels": iləγman-ə́nsən "their camels".
Demonstrative
The demonstrative consists of an inflexible particle that precedes the noun and is connected to it in a genitive construction:
- áyu n-wə́fṛux "this boy", literally: "this from boy"
- áyu n-tíddart "this house"
verb
Personal flexion
Like other Berber languages, the Zuwara language has prefixes and suffixes to the verb to denote the subject. The affixes are basically the same for all verbs and tenses. Here as an example the personal forms of two verbs:
| Affixes | from "hit" (simple past) | from "stands up" (present tense) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | ─γ | wə́ttəγ "I hit" | ttbə́ddiγ "I get up" |
| 2.sg. | t─d | twə́ttəd "you hit" | ttbə́ddid "you get up" |
| 3.sg.mask. | y─ | ywə́tt (iwə́tt) | yttbə́dda |
| 3.sg.fem. | t─ | twə́tt | ttbə́dda |
| 1.pl. | n─ | (ə) nwə́tt | nəttbə́dda |
| 2.pl.mask. | t─m | twə́ttəm | ttbə́ddim |
| 2.pl.fem. | t─mət | twə́ttmət | ttbəddímət |
| 3.pl.mask. | ─n | wə́ttən | ttbə́ddan |
| 3.pl.fem. | ─nət | wə́ttnət | ttbəddánət |
Note:
- The final -a (regardless of the tense) always becomes -i- in front of the suffixes of the 1st and 2nd person (as in the example "stands on" in the table). While every -a alternates with -i, there are also verbs whose stem ends in -i.
- A part of the mentioned verbs with variable final vowel forms the 3rd pl. irregularly on -ənn, z. B. yəflá "he went" - fliγ "I went" - təflíd "you went" - flənn "they went".
Stem forms
The most important stem forms of the verb are the aorist, the simple past and the present tense. All forms are given here in the 3.sg.mask., I.e. with the personal prefix y-.
The aorist and the past tense differ in most verbs only in the accent. While the aorist and the present tense show the predominant normal stress in the language on the penultimate syllable, in the past tense the stress is shifted to the last syllable. The present tense is often characterized by the doubling of the middle consonant, whereby the nature of the consonant can change in individual cases:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "to build" | yə́bna | yəbná | ybə́nna |
| "roast meat" | yə́knəf | yəknə́f | ykə́nnəf |
| "catch sight of" | yə́bḥər | yəbḥə́r | ybə́ḥḥər |
| "Come back" | yə́dwəl | yədwə́l | ydə́ggəl |
A second common form of the present tense is to put a prefix tt- in front of the aorist stem:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "scream" | yə́ẓẓəf | yəẓẓə́f | yttə́ẓẓəf |
| "to sing" | yinig | yiníg | yttínig |
| "speak" | yútlay | yutláy | yttútlay |
| "to forget" | yə́ttu | yəttú | yttə́ttu |
Both formations combined can be found in the verb for "to fall" (in which, as is usual, doubled ḍ is realized as ṭṭ):
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "fall" | yúḍa | yuḍá | yttúṭṭa |
Many verbs have a final stressed vowel -á in the simple past, whereas in the aorist the vowel (which should be unstressed) falls off completely. The present tense of such verbs is formed partly by doubling the consonant and partly by a prefix tt-:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Listen" | yə́səl | yəslá | ysə́ll |
| "laugh" | yə́ḍṣ | yəḍṣá | yḍə́ṣṣ |
| "see" | yə́ẓəṛ | yəẓṛá | yẓə́ṛṛ |
| "kill" | yə́nγ | yənγá | ynə́qq |
| "to do" | yig | yigá | yttíg |
| "stay" | yəns | yənsá | ynə́ss |
In the present tense, some verbs show the addition of a vowel -a- in addition to one of the usual educational means:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "go" | yə́fəl | yəflá | yəffál |
| "to get dressed" | yíṛəḍ | yiṛə́ḍ | yttíṛaḍ |
| "read" | yə́γər | yəγrá | yəqqár |
Then there are verbs that add either an -a or a copy of the stem vowel in the present tense:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "to fill" | yə́tšuṛ | yətšúṛ | yttətšáṛa |
| "(get up" | yə́bədd | ybə́dd | yttbə́dda |
| "to die" | yə́mmut | yəmmút | yttmáta |
| "share" | yə́ẓun | yẓún | yttẓúnu |
| "tremble" | yə́ržiž | yəržíž | yttəržíži |
The stem of some verbs begins with a variable vowel. This is a- in the aorist and u- in the simple past. The present tense of such verbs is formed from tta-:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "Find" | yaf | yufá | yttáf |
| "to open" | yar | yurá | yttár |
| "write" | yárəy | yurə́y | yttárəy |
Some verbs that have an unusual or longer stem (e.g. with four consonants) have the same form in the aorist and past tense, so they do not use the difference in accent. With such verbs, only the present tense with tt- comes into question, occasionally with an insert -a-:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "call" | ynáda | ynáda | yəttnáda |
| "wear" | yḥə́mməl | yḥə́mməl | yəttḥə́mməl |
| "to meet (sb.)" | yqábəl | yqábəl | yəttqábal |
The present tense of the following verbs is more or less irregular:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "eat" | yətš | yətšá | ytə́tt |
| "ask" | ysə́stən | ysə́stən | yəssə́stun |
| "give" | yuš | yušá | yttítš |
| "(leave" | yədž | yədžá | yttádža |
| "beat" | yə́wətt | ywə́tt | yttšát |
| "drink" | yə́səw | yəswá | ysə́ss |
The verb for "say" is completely irregular:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "say" | yə́məl | yəṃṃá | yənná |
Influence of the personal affixes on the emphasis
In most verbal classes, the tone position of a verb remains unchanged in all personal forms, even where suffixes are added:
- yəssə́n "he knows (simple past)" - təssə́nəd "you know" (simple past)
- yəffə́γ "he went away (simple past)" - ffə́γən "they went away" (simple past)
- yə́ẓəṛ "he sees (aorist)" - tə́ẓṛəd "you see" (aorist)
The exception to this is the verb for "want" (only used in the past tense), which shifts the tone to the suffixes:
- yə́γs "he wants" - γsə́γ "I want" - təγsə́d "you want" - γsə́n "they want"
With certain verbs, however, the addition of personal endings shifts the tone within the stem to the right. This applies particularly to verbs of the type yə́knəf "braten". As you can see in the following table, the difference between aorist and preterite is almost always preserved, and only in the 2.pl.fem. and 3.pl.fem, which have particularly long endings, both tenses must coincide:
| Aorist | preterite | Present | |
|---|---|---|---|
| "roast" 3.sg.mask. | yə́knəf | yəknə́f | ykə́nnəf |
| "roast" 1.sg. | kə́nfəγ | knə́fəγ | kə́nnfəγ |
| "fry" 3.pl.mask. | kə́nfən | knə́fən | kə́nnfən |
| "roast" 3.pl.fem. | knə́fnət | knə́fnət | kənnə́fnət |
In the verbs of the type yə́wətt "to strike" with the final double consonant, the difference between aorist and past tense can only be maintained in the exclusively prefixal forms and is lost in most personal forms:
| Aorist | preterite | |
|---|---|---|
| "beat" 3.sg.mask. | yə́wətt | ywə́tt |
| "beat" 1.sg. | wə́ttəγ | wə́ttəγ |
| "beat" 2.sg.mask. | twə́ttəd | twə́ttəd |
| "beat" 1.pl. | nə́wətt | nwə́tt |
| "beat" 3.pl.mask. | wə́ttən | wə́ttən |
| "beat" 3.pl.fem. | wə́ttnət | wə́ttnət |
Aorist
The aorist occurs quite rarely in its pure form, most likely as a function of certain modal verbs. Usually the aorist is combined with a preceding particle a (d) -. In this case the aorist can be used independently and has the meaning of a future tense. The particle is usually a-, but the following vowel is preceded by ad-. If the first syllable is stressed in the aorist, the accent goes in some cases to the particles:
- yə́fəl "that he goes" (simple aorist) - á-yfəl "he will go"
- yə́ẓəṛ "that he sees" (simple aorist) - á-yẓəṛ "he will see"
- yar "that he opens" (simple aorist) - á-yar "he will open"
- árəγ "that I will open" (simple aorist) - ad-árəγ "I will open"
imperative
The imperative is formed from the aorist stem without personal affixes:
- ynáda "that he calls" (aorist) - náda "call!"
A plural of the imperative is formed using the ending - (ə) t:
- nádat "calls!"
- ə́kkər "get up!" - ə́kkrət "get up!"
negation
If a verb is negated, some verb forms, and only those in the past tense, change their stem: A variable final vowel -a / -i (type yəflá "he went" - fliγ "I went") is unified to -i: yəflí. In addition, many verbs whose stem ends in a consonant add a -i- before that consonant.
The negated verb also has a prefix wə- and a suffix -š. Both of these marks are optional and detailed rules for their use are not known. The suffix -š is used in the majority of cases, especially if there is no object. The suffix -š draws the tone to the last syllable.
Examples:
- yəflá "he went" - yəflí-š "he did not go"
- fliγ "I went" - (wə-) flíγ-š "I did not go"
- yəffál "he goes" - (w-) yəffál-š "he does not go"
- ffáləγ "I'm going" - (wə-) ffalə́γ-š "I'm not going"
- yttə́ttu "he forgets" - yttəttú-š "he does not forget"
- yutə́f "he entered" - yutíf-š "he did not enter"
- yəγs "he wants" - yγís-š "he doesn't want"
- yəssə́n "he knows" - (w-) yəssín (-š) "he doesn't know"
- ssə́nəγ "I know" - (wə-) ssínəγ ~ (wə-) ssinə́γ-š "I don't know"
There is no negated aorist, but the negated present tense stands for it.
Accordingly, the imperative (which is formed by the aorist stem) is not directly negated, but the stem of the present tense is used to negate the imperative without the personal affixes:
- ə́fəl "go!" - (wə-) ffál-š "don't go!"
- uš "give!" - ttitš-š "don't give!" - ttitš-ə́t-š "do not give!"
Object suffixes
After the verb
The object suffixes (forms above in the "Personal Pronouns" section) distinguish two rows for the direct object and one row for the indirect object in the third person. In the other people, direct and indirect objects coincide.
The object suffixes usually follow the verb. In the case of the direct object of the third person, there is the t-series after a personal ending, and usually the i-series after the verbal stem:
- γsə́γ-ti "I want it"
- γsə́n-ti "they want it"
- γsə́γ-tən "I want her (pl.)"
- yəγs-í "he wants it"
- nəγs-í "we want it"
- yəγs-ín "he wants her (pl.)"
- γsə́γ-ak "I want you"
- yəγs-ák "he wants you"
After the verb for "want", object suffixes immediately following the stem receive the tone. As a rule, however, the clay remains on the trunk:
- yəγs-í "he wants it" - yəknə́f-i "he fries it"
If the verbal stem ends in -a, two cases must be distinguished. In the first case (this concerns preterital forms of verbs that only have the -a in the past tense), the vowel before the suffix is elided:
- yušá "he gave" - yuš-í "he gave it" - yuš-ás "he gave him"
In the second case (verbs with a stable a-final sound) the vowel is retained and forms ending in -tt- are used for the direct object:
- yəṃṃá "he said" - yəṃṃá-tti "he said it" - yəṃṃá-yas "he told him"
- ynadá-ttət "he called her (fem.)"
If suffixes are used for the indirect and the direct object at the same time, they are in this order:
- yuš-ás-ti "he gave it to him"
- uš-íd-ti "give it to me!"
Before the verb
If the verb is either preceded by the prefix a (d) - of the aorist or the negation wə-, the object suffix is after this and not after the verb:
- ẓṛíγ-ti "I saw him", but: wə-tt-ẓṛíγ "I did not see him"
- w-ak-ẓṛíγ "I did not see you"
- á-yuš "he will give" - á-tt-yuš "he will give it" - ak-ə́tt-yuš "he will give it to you"
If the prefix wə- is not implemented in a negated form, the object suffix is still in front of the verb:
- tt-yuší-š "he (tt-) didn't exist"
- ak-ətt-ušíγ-š "I didn't give it to you"
Others
In the negated present tense (including the negated imperative) only the dative suffixes are in front of the verb, the accusative suffixes, on the other hand, behind it:
- wə-ttitš-í-š "don't give it (-i-)!"
- w-ak-əttitšəγ-tí-š "I won't give it (-ti-) to you (-ak-)"
Sometimes the object is not expressed by an object suffix, but rather circumscribed with a preposition:
- tẓəṛṛ dis "she sees him" ( dis actually means: "in him")
syntax
Word order
The word order is very variable. Often the verb is at the beginning of a sentence.
Non-verbal sentence
A nominal predicate can be linked with the element d :
- nə́tta d axə́mmas "he is a servant"
- nətš d bábis "I am his father"
- d áṣbiḥ "it's good"
question
Sentence questions usually have a particle -a at the end. The syllable immediately before it is stressed:
- báhi "OK" - bahí-a "OK?"
- təẓṛíd-a "did you see?"
- əṃṃutə́n a "did you die?"
Relative clause
The construction of the relative clause differs from that of many other Berber languages; in particular, the form otherwise known as the participle is missing. Relative clauses are usually introduced with a particle la , which incidentally also means "that":
áyu la yəγs ṛə́bbi
dies REL wants God
"that what God wants"
nə́tta la yəṃṃá-yid
he REL said-me
"it is he who (it) told me
vocabulary
Some elements from the basic vocabulary; Verbs are in the 3rd pers. so called mask. des Aorists quoted:
| eye | tiṭṭ |
| three | tlat |
| one | ídžən |
| eat | yətš |
| woman | tamə́ṭṭut |
| five | xə́msa |
| give | yuš |
| go | yə́fəl |
| big | amə́qqar |
| Well | áṣbiḥ |
| hand | ə́fus |
| Listen | yə́səl |
| man | árgaz |
| mouth | ími |
| Surname | ísm |
| say | yə́məl |
| see | yə́ẓəṛ |
| four | ə́ṛbəʕ |
| water | áman |
| knowledge | yəssə́n |
| two | sənn |
The proportion of Arabic words and whole phrases in Berber from Zuwara is very high. Some examples:
- áywa "yes"
- lá "no"
- lákən "but"
- waḷḷáhi "really"
- yaxṣáṛa "too bad!"
- áhlən "hello"
- ṣbaḥ əlxír "good morning!"
- kul yúm "every day"
- šə́hṛ la yfát "previous month"
literature
- L. Galand 2005: Quelques traits du parler berbère de Zouara, in Studi Maghrebini 3: 187-195
- TF Mitchell 2009: Zuaran Berber (Libya). Grammar and Texts, Cologne (Eds. H. Stroomer & S. Oomen)
- TF Mitchell: Particle-noun complexes in a Berber dialect (Zuara) , in BSOAS 15, 1953, 375-390
- TF Mitchell 1957: Some properties of Zuara nouns, with special reference to those with consonant initial, in Mémorial André Basset, Paris, 83-96
- TF Mitchell 1953: Particle-noun complexes in a Berber dialect (Zuara), Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 15: 375-390
- L. Serra: Testi berberi in dialetto di Zuara , Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli - Annali 14, 1964, 715-723
- L. Serra: Due racconti in dialetto berbero di Zuara (Tripolitania) , Studi Magrebini 2, 1968, 123-128
- L. Serra: L'ittionimia e la terminologia marinaresca nel dialetto berbero di Zuara (Tripolitania) , Studi Magrebini 3, 1970, 21-53
- L. Serra: I "nomina actionis" nel dialetto berbero di Zuara (Tripolitania) , in Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica, 1978, 321-335
- L. Serra 1993: Sul 'possessivo' nel dialetto berbero di Zuara (Tripolitania), in À la croisée des études lybico-berbères (Mèlanges Galand), Paris, 247-254
Mitchell's grammar, which appeared from the estate, only describes the verbal system. Information about the nominal system can be found in his older essays. Galand covers a few more grammatical subjects (based on Mitchell's materials). A dictionary does not exist.
Remarks
- ↑ Galand 2005: 188, note 1.
- ↑ Other Berber languages typically use the état d'annexion for a subject directly following the verb. In Zuwara, the subject is always in état libre, regardless of its position.
- ↑ This stable -i is analyzed by Mitchell as -əy.
- ↑ Other notation iḍḍẓúnu.
- ↑ past tense; the verb is commonly used in this tense.